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Related Concept Videos

Ionic Bonds00:42

Ionic Bonds

130.1K
Overview
When atoms gain or lose electrons to achieve a more stable electron configuration they form ions. Ionic bonds are electrostatic attractions between ions with opposite charges. Ionic compounds are rigid and brittle when solid and may dissociate into their constituent ions in water. Covalent compounds, by contrast, remain intact unless a chemical reaction breaks them.
Opposing Charges Hold Ions Together in Ionic Compounds
Ionic bonds are reversible electrostatic interactions between ions...
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Solubility of Ionic Compounds02:55

Solubility of Ionic Compounds

68.1K
Solubility is the measure of the maximum amount of solute that can be dissolved in a given quantity of solvent at a given temperature and pressure. Solubility is usually measured in molarity (M) or moles per liter (mol/L). A compound is termed soluble if it dissolves in water.
68.1K
Solubility Equilibria: Ionic Product of Water01:16

Solubility Equilibria: Ionic Product of Water

1.7K
Pure water is a weak electrolyte; only a small amount ionizes into hydrogen and hydroxide ions. At any given temperature, the concentration of undissociated water is almost constant, so the ionic product of water is the product of the hydrogen and hydroxide ion concentrations, denoted as Kw. The square root of Kw gives the individual ion concentrations.
The ionic product of water varies with temperature, and its value is 1.0 x 10−14 at standard experimental conditions. Per Le...
1.7K
Ionic Radii03:10

Ionic Radii

33.5K
Ionic radius is the measure used to describe the size of an ion. A cation always has fewer electrons and the same number of protons as the parent atom; it is smaller than the atom from which it is derived. For example, the covalent radius of an aluminum atom (1s22s22p63s23p1) is 118 pm, whereas the ionic radius of an Al3+ (1s22s22p6) is 68 pm. As electrons are removed from the outer valence shell, the remaining core electrons occupying smaller shells experience a greater effective nuclear...
33.5K
Molecular and Ionic Solids02:54

Molecular and Ionic Solids

20.0K
Crystalline solids are divided into four types: molecular, ionic, metallic, and covalent network based on the type of constituent units and their interparticle interactions.
Molecular Solids
Molecular crystalline solids, such as ice, sucrose (table sugar), and iodine, are solids that are composed of neutral molecules as their constituent units. These molecules are held together by weak intermolecular forces such as London dispersion forces, dipole-dipole interactions, or hydrogen bonds, which...
20.0K
Ionic Compounds: Formulas and Nomenclature03:34

Ionic Compounds: Formulas and Nomenclature

86.7K
An element composed of atoms that readily lose electrons (a metal) can react with an element composed of atoms that readily gain electrons (a nonmetal) to produce ions through complete electron transfer. The compound formed by this transfer is stabilized by the electrostatic attractions (ionic bonds) between the oppositely charged ions.
86.7K

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Synthesis of Bimetallic Pt/Sn-based Nanoparticles in Ionic Liquids
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Chitin and chitosan production from shrimp shells using ammonium-based ionic liquids.

Leta Deressa Tolesa1, Bhupender S Gupta1, Ming-Jer Lee1

  • 1Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, 43 Keelung Road, Section 4, Taipei 106-07, Taiwan.

International Journal of Biological Macromolecules
|March 7, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Ammonium-based ionic liquids efficiently extract chitin from shrimp shells, yielding up to 13.4%. This green solvent method offers a sustainable route to produce chitin and chitosan from waste materials.

Keywords:
Ammonium-based ILsChitinChitosanExtractionShrimp shell

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Area of Science:

  • Green Chemistry
  • Biopolymer Extraction
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Chitin is a valuable biopolymer found in crustacean shells.
  • Traditional chitin extraction methods often involve harsh chemicals and generate significant waste.
  • Developing sustainable and efficient extraction techniques is crucial for valorizing seafood waste.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the efficacy of ammonium-based ionic liquids for chitin extraction from shrimp shells.
  • To characterize the properties of the extracted chitin.
  • To assess the potential for converting extracted chitin into chitosan.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized three ammonium-based ionic liquids: [DIPEA][Ac], [DIPEA][P], and [DMBA][Ac].
  • Optimized extraction conditions (110°C for 24h).
  • Characterized extracted chitin using FT-IR, TGA, XRD, SEM, and 1H NMR.

Main Results:

  • Achieved high chitin yields up to 13.4% with moderate molecular weights.
  • Demonstrated high selectivity of ionic liquids in chitin extraction.
  • Successfully converted extracted chitin into chitosan with a 93% degree of deacetylation.

Conclusions:

  • Ammonium-based ionic liquids are effective and selective solvents for chitin extraction from shrimp shells.
  • This method presents a promising green alternative for chitin and chitosan production from waste.
  • The ionic liquid-based process contributes to sustainable waste valorization in the seafood industry.