Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Functional Groups

Functional Groups

Functional groups are a group of atoms with characteristic properties, which when linked to the carbon skeleton of a molecule, alter the properties of that molecule. For example, the presence of certain functional groups on a molecule will make them hydrophilic, whereas others will make them hydrophobic. These functional groups are an indispensable part of organic chemistry and important components of biological molecules, such as carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. Each...

Functional Groups

Functional Groups

Structural Protein Function

Structural Protein Function

Structural proteins are a category of proteins responsible for functions ranging from cell shape and movement to providing support to major structures such as bones, cartilage, hair, and muscles. This group includes proteins such as collagen, actin, myosin, and keratin.
Collagen, the most abundant protein in mammals, is found throughout the body. In connective tissue, such as skin, ligaments, and tendons, it provides tensile strength and elasticity. In bones and teeth, it mineralizes to...

Functionalism

Functionalism

William James, John Dewey, and Charles Sanders Peirce were instrumental in founding functional psychology, which draws heavily from Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection. This theory suggests that individual traits, including behaviors, are adapted to their environments through natural selection. At the heart of functionalism is the concept of adaptation, meaning that a trait enhances an individual's chances of survival and reproduction.
James envisioned psychology's...

Mechanical Protein Functions

Mechanical Protein Functions

Proteins perform many mechanical functions in a cell. These proteins can be classified into two general categories- proteins that generate mechanical forces and proteins that are subjected to mechanical forces. Proteins providing mechanical support to the structure of the cell, such as keratin, are subjected to mechanical force, whereas proteins involved in cell movement and transport of molecules across cell membranes, such as an ion pump, are examples of generating mechanical force.

Neuron Structure

Neuron Structure

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Recurrent connectivity shapes spatial coding in hippocampal CA3 subregions.

Neuron·2026

Same author

Genomic Predictors of Perineural Invasion in Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Insights from an MD Anderson Cohort.

Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology·2026

Same author

Fluctuating internal states mediate neural-behavioral covariations in V1.

Nature neuroscience·2026

Same author

Movement-stabilized three-dimensional optical recordings of membrane potential changes and calcium dynamics in hippocampal CA1 dendrites.

Neuron·2026

Same author

A transcriptomic axis aligns with in vivo functional dynamics in hippocampal inhibitory circuits.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026

Same author

Serotonin suppresses cortical theta bursts during NREM sleep.

Frontiers in pharmacology·2026

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 28, 2026

DiOLISTIC Labeling of Neurons from Rodent and Non-human Primate Brain Slices

DiOLISTIC Labeling of Neurons from Rodent and Non-human Primate Brain Slices

Published on: July 6, 2010

Functional Access to Neuron Subclasses in Rodent and Primate Forebrain.

Preeti Mehta¹, Lauren Kreeger¹, Dennis C Wylie²

¹Center for Learning and Memory, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA; Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA.

|March 7, 2019

Summary

Researchers developed new viral strategies to precisely target specific neuron types in the brain. These methods allow for the expression of foreign proteins in genetically defined GABAergic interneurons across mammals.

Keywords:

adeno-associated virus cell type-specific promoter functional in vivo imaging inhibitory neurons macaque marmoset neuropeptide-Y parvalbumin rodent somatostatin

More Related Videos

Author Spotlight: Targeted Microinjection and Electroporation of Primate Cerebral Organoids for Genetic Modification

Author Spotlight: Targeted Microinjection and Electroporation of Primate Cerebral Organoids for Genetic Modification

Published on: March 24, 2023

Behavioral Assessment of Manual Dexterity in Non-Human Primates

Behavioral Assessment of Manual Dexterity in Non-Human Primates

Published on: November 11, 2011

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 28, 2026

DiOLISTIC Labeling of Neurons from Rodent and Non-human Primate Brain Slices

DiOLISTIC Labeling of Neurons from Rodent and Non-human Primate Brain Slices

Published on: July 6, 2010

Author Spotlight: Targeted Microinjection and Electroporation of Primate Cerebral Organoids for Genetic Modification

Author Spotlight: Targeted Microinjection and Electroporation of Primate Cerebral Organoids for Genetic Modification

Published on: March 24, 2023

Behavioral Assessment of Manual Dexterity in Non-Human Primates

Behavioral Assessment of Manual Dexterity in Non-Human Primates

Published on: November 11, 2011

Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Molecular Biology
Genetics

Background:

Viral vectors are crucial for expressing foreign proteins in the brain across species.
Targeting specific neuron classes, particularly GABAergic interneurons, with viral vectors remains a challenge.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop novel viral promoter strategies for accessing genetically defined GABAergic interneurons and their subsets in rodent and primate brains.
To expand the repertoire of genetically tractable neuron classes in mammals.

Main Methods:

Utilized a set intersection approach with co-active promoters to restrict expression to specific interneuron populations (somatostatin-positive and parvalbumin-positive).
Employed an orthogonal set difference method to enrich for subclasses of neuropeptide-Y-positive GABAergic interneurons by subtracting promoter expression patterns.

Main Results:

Successfully restricted heterologous protein expression to targeted cortical and hippocampal somatostatin-positive and parvalbumin-positive interneurons.
Achieved enrichment for specific subclasses of neuropeptide-Y-positive GABAergic interneurons using the set difference method.

Conclusions:

Developed innovative viral promoter strategies for precise targeting of GABAergic interneurons and their subsets.
These methods leverage complex brain gene expression patterns to significantly increase the number of genetically accessible neuron classes in mammals.