Myeloid Sarcoma.

Area of Science:

• Hematology
• Oncology
• Pathology

Background:

• Hematological malignancies can rarely present as extramedullary soft tissue masses, posing diagnostic and therapeutic challenges.
• Myeloid sarcoma (MS), also known as chloroma due to its green color from myeloperoxidase expression, is an uncommon manifestation.
• MS can occur with acute myeloid leukemia, myeloproliferative neoplasms, myelodysplastic syndromes, or as a relapse, particularly post-stem cell transplant.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review the existing literature on myeloid sarcoma (MS).
• To consolidate clinical knowledge on the presentation and management of MS.
• To supplement current understanding with insights from reported experiences.

Main Methods:

• Comprehensive literature review of case reports and retrospective studies on myeloid sarcoma.
• Analysis of reported clinical presentations, diagnostic markers, and chromosomal abnormalities.
• Synthesis of information to provide a consolidated overview.

Main Results:

• Myeloid sarcoma commonly involves lymph nodes, skin, soft tissues, bone, testes, GI tract, and peritoneum.
• Immunohistochemistry frequently shows markers such as CD68-KP1, myeloperoxidase, and CD117.
• Various chromosomal abnormalities, including MLL rearrangement and t(8;21), are associated with MS.

Conclusions:

• Myeloid sarcoma represents a rare but significant extramedullary manifestation of hematological disorders.
• Limited large-scale studies necessitate further research into optimal diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.
• This review aims to enhance the understanding and clinical management of myeloid sarcoma.