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Residual Stresses01:26

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Residual stresses reside in a structure even after removing the original stress inducer. This phenomenon often arises from varied plastic deformations across different parts of a structure. Consider a rod stretched beyond its yield point. It will not regain its original length due to permanent deformation. Even after load removal, the rod does not entirely lose stress because of uneven plastic deformations, resulting in residual stresses. The computation of these stresses in structures is...
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In the study of elastoplastic members subjected to bending moments, understanding the loading and unloading phases is crucial for assessing material behavior and structural integrity. During the loading phase, as the bending moment increases, the material initially responds elastically, adhering to Hooke's Law, where stress is directly proportional to strain. When the load exceeds the yield strength, plastic deformation occurs, resulting in permanent strain and deformation that remains even...
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The vertical distance between the actual value of y and the estimated value of y. In other words, it measures the vertical distance between the actual data point and the predicted point on the line
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Updated: Jan 28, 2026

An In Vitro Bladder Model of Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infection
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Can we replace the catheter when evaluating urinary residuals?

George Araklitis1, Maria Paganotto1, Jo Hunter1

  • 1Department of Urogynaecology, King's College Hospital, London, UK.

Neurourology and Urodynamics
|March 8, 2019
PubMed
Summary

The proportionality constant of 0.52 accurately estimates bladder volume via ultrasound. Clinicians accurately estimated post-void residual (PVR) using X-ray, and the "bubbles" test effectively indicated bladder emptying during urodynamics.

Keywords:
bladder scanurinary residualurodynamicsvideo cystourethrography

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Area of Science:

  • Urology
  • Medical Imaging
  • Diagnostic Techniques

Background:

  • Accurate bladder volume measurement is crucial for diagnosing and managing lower urinary tract conditions.
  • Current methods for estimating bladder volume and post-void residual (PVR) have limitations in accuracy and patient comfort.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate different ultrasound formulae for bladder volume calculation.
  • To assess the reliability of the "bubbles test" for determining bladder emptiness after urodynamics.
  • To determine the accuracy of clinician-based X-ray estimations of PVR during video urodynamics.

Main Methods:

  • Prospective cohort study involving 85 patients undergoing urodynamics testing.
  • Bladder volumes calculated using ultrasound with four different proportionality constants (PCs).
  • Patients reported sensation of "bubbles" post-void; clinicians estimated PVR via fluoroscopic screening.

Main Results:

  • The ultrasound formula using PC 0.52 showed the strongest correlation (r=0.938) and no significant difference with actual bladder volumes (P=0.275).
  • The "bubbles test" demonstrated a high positive predictive value of 93% for bladder emptiness.
  • Clinician PVR estimations via X-ray correlated well (r=0.842) with catheter volumes, with no significant difference (P=0.579).

Conclusions:

  • The ultrasound formula with PC 0.52 is recommended for accurate bladder volume estimation.
  • The "bubbles test" and video-based PVR estimation can potentially reduce the need for invasive interventions.
  • Further research is needed to develop patient-individualized proportionality constants for bladder volume calculations.