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Related Concept Videos

Cell Size01:22

Cell Size

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Cell sizes vary widely among and within organisms. Bacterial cells range between 1-10 micrometers (μm)and are considerably smaller than most eukaryotic cells. The smallest bacteria are 0.1 μm in diameter—about a thousand times smaller than eukaryotic cells, which typically range from 10-100 μm.
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Intact DNA strands can be found in fossils, while scientists sometimes struggle to keep RNA intact under laboratory conditions. The structural variations between RNA and DNA underlie the differences in their stability and longevity. Because DNA is double-stranded, it is inherently more stable. The single-stranded structure of RNA is less stable but also more flexible and can form weak internal bonds. Additionally, most RNAs in the cell are relatively short, while DNA can be up to 250 million...
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RNA interference (RNAi) is a process in which a small non-coding RNA molecule blocks the post-transcriptional expression of a gene by binding to its messenger RNA (mRNA) and preventing the protein from being translated.
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The basic structure of RNA consists of a five-carbon sugar and one of four nitrogenous bases. Although most RNA is single-stranded, it can form complex secondary and tertiary structures. Such structures play essential roles in the regulation of transcription and translation.
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Splicing is the process by which eukaryotic RNA is edited before its translation into protein. The RNA strand transcribed from eukaryotic DNA is called the primary transcript. The primary transcripts that become mRNAs are called precursor messenger RNAs (pre-mRNAs). Eukaryotic pre-mRNA contains alternating sequences of exons and introns. Exons are nucleotide sequences that code for proteins, whereas introns are the non-coding regions. In RNA splicing, introns are removed and exons are bonded...
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RNA editing is a post-transcriptional modification where a precursor mRNA (pre-mRNA) nucleotide sequence is changed by base insertion, deletion, or modification. The extent of RNA editing varies from a few hundred bases, in mitochondrial DNA of trypanosomes, to a just single base, in nuclear genes of mammals. Even a single base change in the pre-mRNA can convert a codon for one amino acid into the codon for another amino acid or a stop codon. This type of re-coding can significantly affect the...
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The cellular landscape of mid-size noncoding RNA.

Vincent Boivin1, Laurence Faucher-Giguère2, Michelle Scott1

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Mid-size noncoding RNAs (mncRNAs) are crucial regulators in cells, with diverse functions in gene expression and splicing. Further research is needed to fully characterize these important molecules and their roles.

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mid-size noncoding RNAnoncoding RNAsnRNAsnoRNAtRNA

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genomics
  • RNA Biology

Background:

  • Noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) are vital for cellular processes, yet many remain uncharacterized.
  • Mid-size noncoding RNAs (mncRNAs), 50-400 nucleotides, exhibit diverse regulatory roles.
  • mncRNAs possess unique structural and post-transcriptional modification features influencing their function.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the diverse classes, characteristics, and emerging functions of mncRNAs.
  • To discuss the expression patterns and regulatory roles of mncRNAs.
  • To highlight challenges in mncRNA detection and database annotation.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of existing studies on mncRNAs.
  • Analysis of mncRNA structural and functional characteristics.
  • Discussion of mncRNA expression and regulatory mechanisms.

Main Results:

  • mncRNAs are implicated in translation, catalysis, RNA modification, splicing, and gene expression regulation.
  • Their structure and modifications determine RNA-binding protein interactions and functions.
  • Emerging roles in gene expression and alternative splicing are being uncovered.

Conclusions:

  • mncRNAs are key regulators with expanding functional roles.
  • Understanding mncRNA structure-function relationships is crucial.
  • Improved detection and annotation methods are necessary for comprehensive mncRNA research.