Comparative rates of esterification of 5'-AMP with hydrophobic amino acids: relevance to the genetic-code assignments

We have continued our program aimed at understanding the origin and evolution of the genetic code and the process of protein synthesis by comparing the rates of esterification of 5'-AMP by a series of hydrophobic N-acetylamino acids. The reaction clearly shows differences in reaction rate (AcPhe greater than AcLeu greater than AcVal greater than AcIle) among the amino acids having A as middle letter of their anticodons. However, there were no significant differences in reaction rate between AcLeu, AcNorleu, and Ac-alpha-aminobutyric acid, and AcGly reacted faster than all of these and AcPhe. Consequently, this simple reaction with AMP can distinguish only among those amino acids that actually have A as the middle anticodonic nucleotide. The relevance of these studies to the origins of the process of protein synthesis and of the genetic code is discussed in conjunction with results from other studies of a similar nature.