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Related Concept Videos

Tumor Immunotherapy01:27

Tumor Immunotherapy

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Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
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Tumor Progression02:07

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Tumor progression is a phenomenon where the pre-formed tumor acquires successive mutations to become clinically more aggressive and malignant. In the 1950s, Foulds first described the stepwise progression of cancer cells through successive stages.
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The Tumor Microenvironment02:17

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Every normal cell or tissue is embedded in a complex local environment called stroma, consisting of different cell types, a basal membrane, and blood vessels. As normal cells mutate and develop into cancer cells, their local environment also changes to allow cancer progression. The tumor microenvironment (TME) consists of a complex cellular matrix of stromal cells and the developing tumor. The cross-talk between cancer cells and surrounding stromal cells is critical to disrupt normal tissue...
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Loss of Tumor Suppressor Gene Functions01:12

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Tumor suppressor genes are normal genes that can slow down cell division, repair DNA mistakes, or program the cells for apoptosis in case of irreparable damage. Hence, they play an essential role in preventing the proliferation of damaged cells.
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Cancer Stem Cells and Tumor Maintenance02:40

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Early diagnosis and treatment can often cure cancer. However, even with treatment, residual cells called cancer stem cells (CSC) might remain, often causing tumor recurrence. These cancer stem cells possess the potential for self-renewal and multi-lineage differentiation and are often responsible for the therapeutic resistance displayed in most cancers.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 28, 2026

Obtaining Cancer Stem Cell Spheres from Gynecological and Breast Cancer Tumors
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Obtaining Cancer Stem Cell Spheres from Gynecological and Breast Cancer Tumors

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Gynecological tumor triplicity.

A Mladěnka, O Šimetka, P Mladěnka

    Ceska Gynekologie
    |March 9, 2019
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    This case report details a rare instance of three simultaneous gynecologic malignancies in a single patient: cervical, uterine, and ovarian tumors. Radical surgery was performed, highlighting the complexity of managing multiple gynecologic cancers.

    Keywords:
    gynecologicmalignancymultipleradical surgery

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    Area of Science:

    • Gynecologic Oncology
    • Surgical Pathology
    • Clinical Case Reporting

    Background:

    • Cervical cancer diagnosis in a 64-year-old female.
    • Initial indication for total laparoscopic radical hysterectomy.

    Observation:

    • Unexpected intraoperative discovery of ovarian malignancy.
    • Presence of uterine and pelvic implants.
    • Conversion from laparoscopy to laparotomy for radical surgical intervention.

    Findings:

    • Postoperative histology confirmed a triplicity of gynecologic tumors: squamous cervical carcinoma (stage IB1), endometrioid adenocarcinoma of the uterus, and a serous borderline tumor of the left ovary with non-invasive implants.
    • Surgical procedures included radical abdominal hysterectomy, bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy, omentectomy, appendectomy, pelvic lymphadenectomy, and peritonectomy.

    Implications:

    • This represents the first reported case of a gynecological tumor triplicity.
    • Underscores the importance of thorough intraoperative assessment for unexpected findings.
    • Highlights the challenges and management of synchronous multiple gynecologic malignancies.