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Related Concept Videos

Overview of DNA Repair02:25

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In order to be passed through generations, genomic DNA must be undamaged and error-free. However, every day, DNA in a cell undergoes several thousand to a million damaging events by natural causes and external factors. Ionizing radiation such as UV rays, free radicals produced during cellular respiration, and hydrolytic damage from metabolic reactions can alter the structure of DNA. Damages caused include single-base alteration, base dimerization, chain breaks, and cross-linkage.
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One of the common DNA damages is the chemical alteration of single bases by alkylation, oxidation, or deamination. The altered bases cause mispairing and strand breakage during replication. This type of damage causes minimal change to the DNA double helix structure and can be repaired by the base excision repair (BER) pathways. BER corrects damaged DNA sequences by removing the damaged base and restoring the original base sequence using the complementary strand as a template.
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Organisms are capable of detecting and fixing nucleotide mismatches that occur during DNA replication. This sophisticated process requires identifying the new strand and replacing the erroneous bases with correct nucleotides. Mismatch repair is coordinated by many proteins in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
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Since the discovery of the two BER pathways, there has been a debate about how a cell chooses one pathway over the other and the factors determining this selection. Numerous in vitro experiments have pointed out multiple determinants for the sub-pathway selection. These are:
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Reversible Self-Healing for Preserving Optical Transparency and Repairing Mechanical Damage in Composites.

Kenan Song1, Roberta Polak, Shiran Zhang

  • 1Department of Manufacturing Engineering, Ira A. Fulton Schools of Engineering , Arizona State University , 7001 East Williams Field Road , Mesa , Arizona 85212 , United States.

ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces
|March 9, 2019
PubMed
Summary

This study demonstrates self-healing polymer composites that repair scratches and restore optical properties upon heating. Cellulose acetate butyrate (CAB) migration enables efficient recovery of mechanical and surface characteristics.

Keywords:
compositesmechanicalmultifunctionalself-healingtransparent

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Polymer Chemistry
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Polymer composites often suffer from mechanical damage, leading to degradation of optical and surface properties.
  • Developing self-healing materials is crucial for extending the lifespan and maintaining the performance of polymer-based products.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the self-healing capabilities of epoxy/halloysite nanotubes (HNTs)/cellulose acetate butyrate (CAB) composites.
  • To analyze the recovery of optical properties, surface roughness, and scratch healing after mechanical damage.
  • To understand the role of CAB concentration and molecular weight in the healing process.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of ternary composite blends with varying CAB concentrations.
  • Mechanical damage induction using nanoscale scratching, falling-sand tests, and Taber abrasions.
  • Analysis of surface properties and optical characteristics before and after thermal healing.

Main Results:

  • Optimized composite formulations (1.0 vol% HNTs, 3.0 vol% CAB) showed enhanced mechanical reinforcement and wear resistance.
  • Induced surface damages, including scratches up to hundreds of nanometers deep, were healed upon heating above the composite's softening transition.
  • Healing led to the recovery of essential mechanical parameters and efficient restoration of optical transparency.
  • Surface modification by CAB reduced water droplet roll-off angles from ~90° to ~20°.
  • Healing temperature could be tailored by selecting CAB additives with different molecular weights.

Conclusions:

  • Epoxy/HNTs/CAB composites exhibit effective self-healing of mechanical and optical properties.
  • CAB migration into microcracks and to the surface is the primary mechanism for property recovery.
  • The tailored healing behavior makes these composites promising for applications requiring durability and aesthetic integrity.