Sternal Wound Infections, Risk Factors and Management - How Far Are We? A Literature Review

Sternal wound infection (SWI) is one of the potential complications post cardiac surgery, and despite refined surgical techniques such as smaller incisions, antibiotic therapy, and optimised glycaemic control, the incidence rate is between <1% in elective cases with low risk factors and as high as 25% in patients with extensive risk factors. The presence of SWI will increase the perioperative morbidity and mortality rates and prolong the patient's hospital stay, therefore the prevention and diagnosis with appropriate management of such adverse outcomes at an early stage is important to prevent further progression as it can be fatal when the mediastinal structures are affected. Currently, the diagnosis typically consists of three main stages: clinical, biochemical including microbiology studies and imaging studies. In the current health care system, the use of computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is valuable to define mediastinal abnormalities and can also help find the source of a descending infection. Management is through methods such as antibiotic therapy, surgical debridement, reconstruction with soft tissue flap coverage, sternal plating, and sternectomy. In this literature review, we aim to summarise current literature evidence behind appropriately diagnosing such a catastrophe.