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Atomic Force Microscopy

Atomic Force Microscopy

Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is a type of scanning probe microscopy that can analyze topographic details of various specimens like ceramics, glass, polymers, and biological samples. AFM offers over 1000 times more resolution than the optical imaging system. Images generated from AFM are three-dimensional surface profiles, offering an advantage over the flat, two-dimensional images from other imaging techniques.
The AFM Probe
The probe is regarded as the heart of any AFM setup and comprises the...

Intermolecular vs Intramolecular Forces

Intermolecular vs Intramolecular Forces

Intermolecular forces (IMF) are electrostatic attractions arising from charge-charge interactions between molecules. The strength of the intermolecular force is influenced by the distance of separation between molecules. The forces significantly affect the interactions in solids and liquids, where the molecules are close together. In gases, IMFs become important only under high-pressure conditions (due to the proximity of gas molecules). Intermolecular forces dictate the physical properties of...

Atomic Orbitals

Atomic Orbitals

An atomic orbital represents the three-dimensional regions in an atom where an electron has the highest probability to reside. The radial distribution function indicates the total probability of finding an electron within the thin shell at a distance r from the nucleus. The atomic orbitals have distinct shapes which are determined by l, the angular momentum quantum number. The orbitals are often drawn with a boundary surface, enclosing densest regions of the cloud.

Intermolecular Forces

Intermolecular Forces

Atoms and molecules interact through bonds (or forces): intramolecular and intermolecular. The forces are electrostatic as they arise from interactions (attractive or repulsive) between charged species (permanent, partial, or temporary charges) and exist with varying strengths between ions, polar, nonpolar, and neutral molecules. The different types of intermolecular forces are ion–dipole, dipole–dipole, hydrogen bonds, and dispersion; among these, dipole–dipole, hydrogen...

Real Gases: Effects of Intermolecular Forces and Molecular Volume Deriving Van der Waals Equation

Real Gases: Effects of Intermolecular Forces and Molecular Volume Deriving Van der Waals Equation

Thus far, the ideal gas law, PV = nRT, has been applied to a variety of different types of problems, ranging from reaction stoichiometry and empirical and molecular formula problems to determining the density and molar mass of a gas. However, the behavior of a gas is often non-ideal, meaning that the observed relationships between its pressure, volume, and temperature are not accurately described by the gas laws.

The Energies of Atomic Orbitals

The Energies of Atomic Orbitals

In an atom, the negatively charged electrons are attracted to the positively charged nucleus. In a multielectron atom, electron-electron repulsions are also observed. The attractive and repulsive forces are dependent on the distance between the particles, as well as the sign and magnitude of the charges on the individual particles. When the charges on the particles are opposite, they attract each other. If both particles have the same charge, they repel each other.

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Updated: Jan 28, 2026

Atomic Force Microscopy Imaging and Force Spectroscopy of Supported Lipid Bilayers

Atomic Force Microscopy Imaging and Force Spectroscopy of Supported Lipid Bilayers

Published on: July 22, 2015

Array atomic force microscopy for real-time multiparametric analysis.

Qingqing Yang¹, Qian Ma², Kate M Herum³

¹Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

|March 10, 2019

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces a novel array atomic force microscope (AFM) that simultaneously analyzes multiple points. This breakthrough enables faster, multiparametric nanoscale imaging for complex biological and physical systems.

Keywords:

atomic force microscopy dispersive optics multiparametric analysis nanobiosensing nanoimaging

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Published on: June 13, 2023

Area of Science:

Nanotechnology
Surface Science
Microscopy

Background:

Nanoscale structure-function analysis is crucial for understanding complex systems.
Conventional atomic force microscopy (AFM) is limited to single-point analysis, hindering simultaneous multipoint studies.
Existing array AFM technologies face challenges with optical cross-talk and complexity.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop a prototype dispersive optics-based array AFM for simultaneous multipoint analysis.
To overcome the limitations of conventional AFMs in parallel nanoscale imaging.
To enable versatile and robust multiparametric, multiscale imaging.

Main Methods:

Utilized a single supercontinuum laser beam for spatial and spectral mapping of multiple cantilevers.
Employed distinct wavelength selection to isolate and record beam deflection from individual cantilevers.
Developed a simplified optical design to eliminate cross-talk while maintaining high sensitivity.

Main Results:

Demonstrated simultaneous monitoring of multiple probe-sample interactions.
Achieved subnanometer sensitivity and compatibility with various probe-based sensors.
Successfully performed parallel multiparametric imaging (morphology, hydrophobicity, electric potential) in air and liquid.
Applied the system to study mechanical wave propagation and living cell dynamics.

Conclusions:

The developed array AFM offers a simplified, effective solution for simultaneous multipoint nanoscale analysis.
This technology enables versatile multiparametric and multiscale imaging for diverse physical and biological applications.
Provides new opportunities for studying emergent properties in complex networks at the atomic scale.