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Updated: Jan 28, 2026

Investigation of Xenobiotics Metabolism In Salix alba Leaves via Mass Spectrometry Imaging
Published on: June 15, 2020
Quantitation of neonicotinoid insecticides, plus qualitative screening for other xenobiotics, in small-mass avian
Michael S Filigenzi1,2,3,4, Emily E Graves1,2,3,4, Lisa A Tell1,2,3,4
1California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory (Filigenzi, Poppenga).
Abstract:
We developed and validated a liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) analytical method for quantitatively measuring pesticide concentrations in small-body avian tissue samples using homogenized 1-2-d-old chicken carcasses as the test matrix. We quantified the following key insecticides: sulfoxaflor (sulfoximine class) and the neonicotinoids dinotefuran, nitenpyram, thiamethoxam, acetamiprid, thiacloprid, clothianidin, and imidacloprid. We used fortified chick carcass samples to validate method accuracy (80-125% recoveries), precision (<20% relative standard deviation), and sensitivity (≤1.2 ppb) for these targeted analytes. This method also uses full-scan, high-resolution MS to screen for the presence of a wide variety of other xenobiotics in bird carcasses. The utility of our screening process was demonstrated by the detection of carbaryl in some samples. This sensitive LC-HRMS analytical method for insecticide detection in a matrix of homogenized carcass is ideal for evaluating small birds for insecticide exposure. This novel whole-carcass method may allow for research studies of small-bodied, free-ranging avian species, and could provide insight regarding their exposure to multiple classes of environmental contaminants.
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