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Updated: Jan 28, 2026

Analysis of Apoptosis in Zebrafish Embryos by Whole-mount Immunofluorescence to Detect Activated Caspase 3
Published on: December 20, 2013
Spirooxindole-pyrrolidine heterocyclic hybrids promotes apoptosis through activation of caspase-3
Raju Suresh Kumar1, Abdulrahman I Almansour1, Natarajan Arumugam1
1Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
Abstract:
A small library of spirooxindole-pyrrolidine hybrids have been synthesized for the first time in an ionic liquid, [bmim]Br in good to excellent yields employing a new class of non-stabilized azomethine ylides derived from isatin and tyrosine, a combination that has been rarely employed for the in situ generation of azomethine ylides using [3+2] cycloaddition strategy. Following the synthesis and characterization of the spirooxindole-pyrrolidine heterocyclic hybrids, they were tested for their anticancer activity as against the changes in the concentrations and time periods with different in vitro cell cultures containing cancer and non-cancer cells, where the results revealed for a potential therapeutic activity. Further analysis for the mechanism of cell death by the cancer cells indicated for the caspase-dependent apoptotic pathway, specifically mediated by caspase-3. Based on these results, it can be demonstrated that the synthesized spirooxindole-pyrrolidine hybrids may serve as one of the better therapeutic agents used for the treatment of malignant tumors.
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