Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Aqueous Solutions and Heats of Hydration02:42

Aqueous Solutions and Heats of Hydration

17.9K
Water and other polar molecules are attracted to ions. The electrostatic attraction between an ion and a molecule with a dipole is called an ion-dipole attraction. These attractions play an important role in the dissolution of ionic compounds in water.
When ionic compounds dissolve in water, the ions in the solid separate and disperse uniformly throughout the solution because water molecules surround and solvate the ions, reducing the strong electrostatic forces between them. This process...
17.9K
Hydration of Cement01:24

Hydration of Cement

896
Hydration of cement is a chemical reaction between cement particles and water. This process occurs primarily through two mechanisms: through-solution and topochemical. In the through-solution process, anhydrous compounds dissolve into their constituents, hydrates form in the solution, and then precipitate from the supersaturated solution. The topochemical process involves solid-state reactions at the cement particle surface. The through-solution process dominates the topochemical process at the...
896
Network Covalent Solids02:18

Network Covalent Solids

16.1K
Network covalent solids contain a three-dimensional network of covalently bonded atoms as found in the crystal structures of nonmetals like diamond, graphite, silicon, and some covalent compounds, such as silicon dioxide (sand) and silicon carbide (carborundum, the abrasive on sandpaper). Many minerals have networks of covalent bonds.
To break or to melt a covalent network solid, covalent bonds must be broken. Because covalent bonds are relatively strong, covalent network solids are typically...
16.1K
Metallic Solids02:37

Metallic Solids

20.6K
Metallic solids such as crystals of copper, aluminum, and iron are formed by metal atoms. The structure of metallic crystals is often described as a uniform distribution of atomic nuclei within a “sea” of delocalized electrons. The atoms within such a metallic solid are held together by a unique force known as metallic bonding that gives rise to many useful and varied bulk properties.
All metallic solids exhibit high thermal and electrical conductivity, metallic luster, and malleability....
20.6K
Structures of Solids02:22

Structures of Solids

17.7K
Solids in which the atoms, ions, or molecules are arranged in a definite repeating pattern are known as crystalline solids. Metals and ionic compounds typically form ordered, crystalline solids. A crystalline solid has a precise melting temperature because each atom or molecule of the same type is held in place with the same forces or energy. Amorphous solids or non-crystalline solids (or, sometimes, glasses) which lack an ordered internal structure and are randomly arranged. Substances that...
17.7K
Molecular and Ionic Solids02:54

Molecular and Ionic Solids

20.0K
Crystalline solids are divided into four types: molecular, ionic, metallic, and covalent network based on the type of constituent units and their interparticle interactions.
Molecular Solids
Molecular crystalline solids, such as ice, sucrose (table sugar), and iodine, are solids that are composed of neutral molecules as their constituent units. These molecules are held together by weak intermolecular forces such as London dispersion forces, dipole-dipole interactions, or hydrogen bonds, which...
20.0K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Nanostructured Lipid Carriers Loaded with Donepezil for Nose-to-Brain Targeting.

Pharmaceutics·2026
Same author

Minoxidil as a Prodrug: Review of Chemical, Pharmacological, and Technological Aspects in Alopecia Therapeutics.

Mini reviews in medicinal chemistry·2026
Same author

Dual strategy to enhance domperidone dissolution: mechanochemically synthesized multicomponent salts in orodispersible tablets.

Journal of pharmaceutical sciences·2026
Same author

Zinc-Based Nanoparticles Reduce the Bacterial Burden and Protect Collagen in a Mouse Cutaneous Wound Model.

ACS omega·2026
Same author

Upcycled Coffee Waste as Sustainable Sorbents for Monitoring Organophosphorus Pesticides in Environmental Waters.

ACS omega·2026
Same author

Synthesis and Biological Assessment of New Thiazoles for Mycobacterial Infections and Biofilm Disruption.

ACS omega·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 28, 2026

In Situ Characterization of Hydrated Proteins in Water by SALVI and ToF-SIMS
09:48

In Situ Characterization of Hydrated Proteins in Water by SALVI and ToF-SIMS

Published on: February 15, 2016

8.8K

Solid-State Characterization of Spironolactone 1/3 Hydrate.

Thúlio Wliandon Lemos Barbosa1, Antônio Carlos Doriguetto2, Magali Benjamim de Araújo1

  • 1Department of Food and Medicines, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Alfenas (UNIFAL-MG), Alfenas, Minas Gerais 37130-001, Brazil.

Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences
|March 12, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Spironolactone 1/3 hydrate, a new solid form, is less soluble and undesirable in spironolactone raw materials. Monitoring this hydrate using solid-state methods like XRD is recommended for quality control.

Keywords:
Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopyX-ray powder diffraction (XRD)differential scanning calorimetry (DSC)solid-statesolid-state stabilitysolubilitythermogravimetric analysis (TGA)

More Related Videos

Characterization of Thermal Transport in One-dimensional Solid Materials
05:20

Characterization of Thermal Transport in One-dimensional Solid Materials

Published on: January 26, 2014

19.5K
Integration of Miniaturized Solid Phase Extraction and LC-MS/MS Detection of 3-Nitrotyrosine in Human Urine for Clinical Applications
08:41

Integration of Miniaturized Solid Phase Extraction and LC-MS/MS Detection of 3-Nitrotyrosine in Human Urine for Clinical Applications

Published on: July 14, 2017

9.9K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 28, 2026

In Situ Characterization of Hydrated Proteins in Water by SALVI and ToF-SIMS
09:48

In Situ Characterization of Hydrated Proteins in Water by SALVI and ToF-SIMS

Published on: February 15, 2016

8.8K
Characterization of Thermal Transport in One-dimensional Solid Materials
05:20

Characterization of Thermal Transport in One-dimensional Solid Materials

Published on: January 26, 2014

19.5K
Integration of Miniaturized Solid Phase Extraction and LC-MS/MS Detection of 3-Nitrotyrosine in Human Urine for Clinical Applications
08:41

Integration of Miniaturized Solid Phase Extraction and LC-MS/MS Detection of 3-Nitrotyrosine in Human Urine for Clinical Applications

Published on: July 14, 2017

9.9K

Area of Science:

  • Pharmaceutical Sciences
  • Solid-State Chemistry

Background:

  • Spironolactone (SPR) is a vital medication with poor water solubility.
  • Understanding different solid forms of SPR is crucial for drug formulation and efficacy.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To prepare and characterize a novel solid form of spironolactone: SPR 1/3 hydrate.
  • To evaluate the solid-state properties, solubility, and stability of SPR 1/3 hydrate.

Main Methods:

  • Recrystallization in acetone to obtain SPR 1/3 hydrate.
  • Solid-state characterization using XRD, DSC, TGA, and FTIR.
  • Solubility and accelerated stability studies at 37°C and 40°C/75% RH.

Main Results:

  • SPR 1/3 hydrate was successfully prepared and characterized.
  • SPR 1/3 hydrate exhibited lower solubility than SPR form II.
  • SPR 1/3 hydrate converts to form II upon heating above 180°C and SPR form II partially converts to SPR 1/3 hydrate in aqueous media.
  • Both forms demonstrated stability over 6 months under accelerated conditions.

Conclusions:

  • SPR 1/3 hydrate is less soluble and its presence in spironolactone raw materials is undesirable.
  • Polymorphic monitoring of SPR 1/3 hydrate in APIs and tablets is recommended using solid-state techniques.
  • X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) is the most accurate method for solid-state identification and quantification.