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Related Concept Videos

Spin–Spin Coupling: One-Bond Coupling01:17

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Coupling interactions are strongest between NMR-active nuclei bonded to each other, where spin information can be transmitted directly through the pair of bonding electrons. While nuclei polarize their electrons to the opposite spins, the bonding electron pair has opposite spins. Configurations with antiparallel nuclear spins are expected to be lower in energy. When coupling makes antiparallel states more favorable, J is considered to have a positive value. The one-bond coupling constant, 1J,...
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Two NMR-active nuclei bonded to a central atom can be involved in geminal or two-bond coupling. Geminal coupling is commonly seen between diastereotopic protons in chiral molecules and unsymmetrical alkenes, among others.
The central atom need not be NMR-active because its electrons are affected by the electron polarization of the spin-active atoms. However, spin information is transmitted less effectively than in one-bond coupling, and 2J values are usually weaker than 1J values. The energy of...
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Spin–Spin Coupling: Three-Bond Coupling (Vicinal Coupling)01:22

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Vicinal or three-bond coupling is commonly observed between protons attached to adjacent carbons. Here, nuclear spin information is primarily transferred via electron spin interactions between adjacent C‑H bond orbitals. This generally favors the antiparallel arrangement of spins, so 3J values are usually positive.
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The spin state of an NMR-active nucleus can have a slight effect on its immediate electronic environment. This effect propagates through the intervening bonds and affects the electronic environments of NMR-active nuclei up to three bonds away; occasionally, even farther. This phenomenon is called spin–spin coupling or J-coupling. Coupling interactions are mutual and result in small changes in the absorption frequencies of both nuclei involved. While nuclei of the same element are involved...
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The de Broglie Wavelength02:32

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In the macroscopic world, objects that are large enough to be seen by the naked eye follow the rules of classical physics. A billiard ball moving on a table will behave like a particle; it will continue traveling in a straight line unless it collides with another ball, or it is acted on by some other force, such as friction. The ball has a well-defined position and velocity or well-defined momentum, p = mv, which is defined by mass m and velocity v at any given moment. This is the typical...
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Spin–Spin Coupling Constant: Overview01:08

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In bromoethane, the three methyl protons are coupled to the two methylene protons that are three bonds away. In accordance with the n+1 rule, the signal from the methyl protons is split into three peaks with 1:2:1 relative intensities. The methylene protons appear as a quartet, with the relative intensities of 1:3:3:1.
Qualitatively, any spin plus-half nucleus polarizes the spins of its electrons to the minus-half state. Consequently, the paired electron in the hydrogen–carbon bond must...
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Wavelength-scale errors in optical localization due to spin-orbit coupling of light.

G Araneda1, S Walser2, Y Colombe1

  • 1Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.

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Spin-orbit coupling in light emission causes wavelength-scale position errors for point emitters. This finding impacts optical imaging and quantum system localization, revealing unexpected shifts in measured positions.

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Area of Science:

  • Optics and Photonics
  • Quantum Information Science

Background:

  • Far-field optical imaging determines emitter positions, with precision limited by wavelength.
  • Accurate emitter localization is crucial for quantum system manipulation and measurement.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate wavelength-scale position errors in optical imaging caused by spin-orbit coupling.
  • To demonstrate the impact of light's spin-orbit coupling on emitter localization accuracy.

Main Methods:

  • Imaging a single trapped atom and a sub-wavelength gold nanoparticle.
  • Analyzing position estimation errors arising from elliptically polarized emission.

Main Results:

  • Spin-orbit coupling of light induces systematic, wavelength-scale errors in emitter position estimation.
  • Observed shifts between measured and actual positions are comparable to the optical wavelength.
  • Position shifts can become arbitrarily large under specific experimental conditions.

Conclusions:

  • Elliptically polarized emission can lead to significant, unexpected position errors in optical imaging.
  • Findings are relevant for optical localization and potentially for wave-based object localization using orbital angular momentum.