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Related Concept Videos

Non-Verbal Cues01:29

Non-Verbal Cues

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Non-verbal communication extends beyond gestures and facial expressions to include vocal elements known as paralanguage. Paralanguage consists of non-verbal vocal cues such as pitch, loudness, speech rate, pauses, and non-verbal vocalizations like laughter, sighs, and moans. These elements not only accompany speech but also provide critical emotional and contextual information.The Role of Paralanguage in CommunicationParalanguage adds depth to spoken language by conveying emotions and...
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Non-verbal communication plays a critical role in human interaction, influencing how individuals perceive emotions and psychological states. It operates through four primary channels: facial expressions, eye contact, body language, and touch. These non-verbal cues help convey meaning beyond spoken language and are often culturally influenced.Facial Expressions and Emotional RecognitionFacial expressions are among the most powerful and universal forms of non-verbal communication. Research has...
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When a wave travels from one medium to another, it gets reflected at the boundary of the second medium. A common example of this is when a person yells at a distance from a cliff and hears the echo of their voice. The sound waves (longitudinal waves) traveling in the air are reflected from the bounding cliff. Similarly, flipping one end of a string whose other end is tied to a wall causes a pulse (transverse wave) to travel through the string, which gets reflected upon reaching the wall. In...
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The Sense of Self: Reflected Self-Appraisal and Social Comparison02:57

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According to Charles Cooley, we base our image on what we think other people see (Cooley 1902). We imagine how we must appear to others, then react to this speculation. We don certain clothes, prepare our hair in a particular manner, wear makeup, use cologne, and the like—all with the notion that our presentation of ourselves is going to affect how others perceive us. We expect a certain reaction, and, if lucky, we get the one we desire and feel good about it. But more than that, Cooley...
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Types of Reports III: Telephone and Verbal Reports01:26

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Telephone and Verbal Reports in healthcare settings are two communication methods for conveying therapeutic instructions from healthcare providers to nurses or other healthcare staff.
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Telephone Orders
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What is Behavior?00:54

What is Behavior?

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Behaviors are actions that an organism engages in—they can be related to finding food, reproducing, defending against threats, and many other possible actions. Behaviors include activities related to the environment around the animal—such as migration—as well as social interactions within a species or population. Many behaviors involve motor output—that is, muscle movements—while others involve less visible actions, such as learning.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 28, 2026

Modeling Verbal Behavior Deficits with the Stimulus Control Ratio Equation, SCoRE
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Reflections on Verbal Behavior at 60.

Henry D Schlinger1

  • 1Department of Psychology, California State University, 5151 State University Ave, Los Angeles, CA 90032 USA.

The Analysis of Verbal Behavior
|March 12, 2019
PubMed
Summary

B.F. Skinner's "Verbal Behavior" remains a vital work, accurately explaining speaker behavior through operant learning principles. This essay defends its enduring relevance 60 years after publication.

Area of Science:

  • Behavioral Psychology
  • Linguistic Theory
  • Operant Conditioning

Background:

  • Commemorating the 60th anniversary of B.F. Skinner's seminal work, "Verbal Behavior."
  • Revisiting a previous defense of the book's continued relevance on its 50th anniversary.
  • Acknowledging the author's extensive experience teaching and writing on Skinner's analyses.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To reaffirm and defend the adequacy of Skinner's interpretation of verbal behavior.
  • To assert the consistency of Skinner's analysis with operant learning principles.
  • To offer further reflections on "Verbal Behavior" and its applications.

Main Methods:

  • Re-evaluation of Skinner's "Verbal Behavior" (1957).
  • Analysis of "interpretation of the behavior of the speaker, given the contingencies of reinforcement maintained by the community."
Keywords:
Behavior analysisLanguageSkinnerVerbal behavior

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  • Synthesis of pedagogical and research experience with Skinner's framework.

    • Main Results:

    • Skinner's interpretation of verbal behavior is deemed adequate.
    • The analysis is consistent with the fundamental principles of operant learning.
    • The work continues to provide a robust framework for understanding verbal behavior.

    Conclusions:

    • "Verbal Behavior" remains a cornerstone of behavioral science.
    • Skinner's operant analysis offers enduring insights into language and communication.
    • The book's principles are applicable and extendable to related topics.