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Protein biomarkers for cardiorenal syndrome
Eleni Petra1, Jerome Zoidakis1, Antonia Vlahou1
1a Biotechnology Division, Biomedical Research Foundation , Academy of Athens (BRFAA) , Athens , Greece.
Insights
Cardiorenal syndrome (CRS) involves heart and kidney failure interactions. Early diagnosis and prognosis for CRS remain challenging due to a lack of validated biomarkers and a universal classification system.
Area of Science:
- Cardiology
- Nephrology
- Biomarker Discovery
Background:
- Cardiorenal syndrome (CRS) describes complex interactions between heart and kidney failure.
- Current definitions and classifications of CRS are not universally established, hindering mechanistic understanding.
- Clinical challenges include the lack of early diagnostic tools and predictive models for CRS progression.
Purpose of the Study:
- To review the current definition, classification, and diagnostic/prognostic biomarkers for cardiorenal syndrome.
- To identify gaps in knowledge regarding CRS pathophysiology and biomarker validation.
- To highlight the need for biology-driven markers and therapeutic targets.
Main Methods:
- Literature search of the PubMed database.
- Focus on definition, classification, and biomarkers for CRS diagnosis and prognosis.
- Synthesis of expert opinion on current challenges and future directions.
Main Results:
- A universally accepted classification system for CRS is currently unavailable.
- Biomarkers reported for CRS include established markers of cardiac/renal dysfunction and inflammation.
- The direct link between some proteins, CRS pathophysiology, and organ cross-talk remains to be elucidated.
Conclusions:
- Further validation studies are essential for implementing proposed biomarkers in clinical practice.
- Establishing the connection between deregulated molecular pathways and CRS phenotypes is crucial.
- Development of biology-driven markers and therapeutic targets is needed for improved CRS management.
Introduction:
The term cardiorenal syndrome (CRS) describes the progressive pathology and interactions that develop upon heart and kidney failure. The definition of CRS is not firmly established and has evolved gradually during the last decade. The main clinical challenges associated with CRS are the lack of tools for early disease diagnosis and the inability to predict the development of cardiorenal pathophysiology. Currently several biomarkers have been proposed for improving CRS patient management. However, validation studies are needed to implement these initial findings to the clinical setting. Areas covered: In this review the database PubMed was used for a literature search on the definition and classification of CRS as well as biomarkers for CRS diagnosis and prognosis. Expert opinion: A universally acceptable classification system for CRS is not available. Thus, acquiring mechanistic insights relative to the pathophysiology of the disease is challenging. Reported biomarkers include well-established markers for heart/renal dysfunction and inflammation. Some proteins expressed in both organs have also been associated with CRS, yet their link to disease pathophysiology and organ cross-talk is missing. Establishing the link between deregulated molecular pathways and CRS phenotypes is required to define biological relevance of existing findings and ultimately biology-driven markers and targets.
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