Claudin-1 inhibits human parainfluenza virus type 2 dissemination

Tight junctions enable epithelial cells to form physical barriers that act as an innate immune defense against respiratory infection. However, the involvement of tight junction molecules in paramyxovirus infections, which include various respiratory pathogens, has not been examined in detail. Human parainfluenza virus type 2 (hPIV2) infects airway epithelial cells and causes respiratory illness. In the present study, we found that hPIV2 infection of cultured cells induces expression of claudin-1 (CLDN1), an essential component of tight junctions. This induction seemed to be intrinsically restricted by V, an accessory protein that modulates various host responses, to enable efficient virus propagation. By generating CLDN1 over-expressing and knockout cell lines, we showed that CLDN1 is involved in the restriction of hPIV2 spread via cell-to-cell contact. Taken together, we identified CLDN1 an inhibitory factor for hPIV2 dissemination, and that its V protein acts to counter this.