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Host, Symbionts, and the Microbiome: The Missing Tripartite Interaction.

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Host-microbe interactions, including endosymbionts and the microbiome, are crucial for phenotypes. Their combined effects on hosts are understudied, requiring integrated research for a complete understanding of symbiosis.

Keywords:
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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Ecology
  • Evolutionary Biology

Background:

  • Symbiotic relationships between microbes and hosts are widespread, significantly influencing host traits.
  • Organisms host a complex microbiome alongside endosymbionts, both impacting host phenotypes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the understudied mutual influences between microbiomes and endosymbionts.
  • To advocate for integrated approaches in studying host-microbe associations.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on host-microbe interactions.
  • Focus on the endosymbiont Wolbachia as a case study.
  • Analysis of evidence for interactions between endosymbionts, microbiomes, and hosts.

Main Results:

  • Growing evidence suggests host phenotypic effects are shaped by interactions with the microbiome and host.
  • The combined influence of endosymbionts and the microbiome on hosts is complex and not fully understood.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding host-microbe associations requires considering multiple interacting partners.
  • An integrated approach, including environmental factors, is essential for a comprehensive view of symbiosis.