Laryngological manifestations of Sjögren's syndrome

Sjögren's syndrome (SS) is a systemic autoimmune disease characterized by lymphocytic infiltration of exocrine glands and a range of extra-glandular features. The most common and earliest symptoms are oral and ocular dryness. The aim of this study is to present the most common otolaryngological manifestations of SS, their pathomechanism and possible aetiology. The most common oral signs and symptoms are xerostomia, tooth decay, fungal infections, traumatic oral lesions, dysphagia, dysgeusia, and inflammation of the salivary glands. The salivary glands of SS patients are characterised by chronic inflammation. The presence of foci is thus a hallmark of SS. A biopsy can be taken from either the labial or the parotid salivary gland. The most significant complication of SS is the development of lymphoproliferative malignancy, which occurs in about 5% of SS patients. The ultrasonic greyscale scoring system, glandular volume measurement, and intraglandular power Doppler ultrasonography are specific ultrasound parameters of SS.