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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 28, 2026

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Tracking Affective Language Comprehension: Simulating and Evaluating Character Affect in Morally Loaded Narratives.

Björn 't Hart1, Marijn E Struiksma1, Anton van Boxtel2

  • 1Department of Languages, Literature, and Communication, Utrecht Institute of Linguistics OTS, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.

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|March 13, 2019
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Facial muscle activity during reading reflects both simulating and evaluating emotions. This study supports a multiple-drivers account, showing these processes interact during affective language comprehension.

Keywords:
affective languagecorrugator EMGembodimentemotiongrounded cognitionlanguage processingmoral evaluationnarrative

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Neuroscience
  • Psycholinguistics
  • Affective Science

Background:

  • Corrugator supercilii muscle activity (frowning) is linked to emotional valence in language.
  • Grounded theories suggest this muscle activity simulates emotion during language processing.
  • This muscle also reflects direct emotional evaluation, potentially conflicting with simulation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the drivers of corrugator supercilii activity during online language comprehension.
  • To test whether language-driven simulation or reader's affective evaluation alone explains muscle patterns.
  • To extend previous findings supporting a multiple-drivers account.

Main Methods:

  • Replication and extension of a previous experiment on affective language processing.
  • Utilized facial electromyography to measure corrugator supercilii activity.
  • Manipulated the timing of affective information availability within narratives.

Main Results:

  • Findings do not support simulation or evaluation alone explaining corrugator activity.
  • Results consistently support a multiple-drivers account, integrating both processes.
  • Evidence suggests simulation occurs at the situation model level, not just word retrieval.

Conclusions:

  • Corrugator activity during narrative comprehension is driven by multiple factors.
  • Affective language processing involves an interplay between simulation and evaluation.
  • This research advances understanding of how readers process and respond to emotional language.