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Water-reducers, or plasticizers, are chemical admixtures used in concrete to improve strength and workability. These additives reduce the water-cement ratio without compromising workability, lower the cement content while maintaining the same workability, or increase workability to assist concrete placement in inaccessible areas.
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Plasticity is the property where an object loses its elasticity and undergoes irreversible deformation, even after the deformation forces are eliminated. If a material deforms irreversibly without increasing stress or load, then this is called ideal plasticity. For example, when a force is applied to an aluminum rod, it changes its shape, but it does not return to its original shape once the force is removed. Plastic deformation or ductility is thus a permanent deformation or change in the...
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A material's elastic behavior is characterized by the disappearance of stress once the load is removed, allowing the material to return to its original state. However, when stress surpasses the yield point, yielding commences, marking the onset of plastic deformation or permanent set. This change from elastic to plastic behavior is influenced by the peak stress value and the duration before the load is removed. An intriguing observation occurs when a specimen is loaded, unloaded, and...
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It is essential to understand how structural members behave under plastic deformation when the bending stress exceeds the material's yield strength. This state of deformation permanently alters the shape of the member, in contrast to the linear elastic behavior observed before yielding. The strain at any point in the member is expressed in terms of maximum strain. Notably, the neutral axis, which coincides with the centroid during elastic bending, shifts away from the centroid under plastic...
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Plastic deformation represents a fundamental concept in materials science, which explains the irreversible change in the shape of a material when it experiences stress beyond its elastic capability. This phenomenon is important in structural engineering, especially in designing and analyzing cantilever beams—structures that are securely fixed at one end and bear loads at the opposite end. When these beams are subjected to loads within their elastic range, they will return to their...
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Aging is a complex biological phenomenon influenced by various processes that affect cellular and systemic functions. Several prominent theories attempt to explain its mechanisms, highlighting cellular limitations, oxidative damage, and hormonal changes as central factors in aging.
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Implications of Aging in Plastic Surgery.

Danny S Roh1, Adriana C Panayi1, Shalender Bhasin2

  • 1Division of Plastic Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Mass.

Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. Global Open
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Aging significantly impacts plastic surgery outcomes, yet research remains limited. Understanding aging mechanisms and frailty is crucial for patient selection and optimizing results in aesthetic and reconstructive procedures.

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Area of Science:

  • Gerontology
  • Plastic Surgery
  • Regenerative Medicine

Background:

  • The global population is aging rapidly, increasing demand for anti-aging therapies.
  • Limited research exists on how aging affects plastic surgery outcomes.
  • A disconnect persists between aging researchers and plastic surgeons.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the effects of aging on key tissues relevant to plastic surgery.
  • To explore aging mechanisms and theories.
  • To analyze the impact of aging and frailty on plastic surgery outcomes.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of aging effects on skin, adipose tissue, muscle, bone, tendons, and nerves.
  • Overview of cellular and molecular aging theories.
  • Focused analysis on wound healing, tissue repair, bone/tendon healing, nerve repair, and microsurgery in aged patients.

Main Results:

  • Reports on aging's impact on plastic surgery outcomes are mixed.
  • Hypothesized reasons for mixed results include patient exclusion and reporting biases.
  • Chronological age and frailty require distinct consideration.

Conclusions:

  • A comprehensive understanding of aging mechanisms is needed for plastic surgeons.
  • Distinguishing between chronological age and frailty improves patient selection.
  • Appropriate patient selection optimizes outcomes and manages expectations in aesthetic procedures.