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Related Concept Videos

Genomics02:02

Genomics

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Genomics is the science of genomes: it is the study of all the genetic material of an organism. In humans, the genome consists of information carried in 23 pairs of chromosomes in the nucleus, as well as mitochondrial DNA. In genomics, both coding and non-coding DNA is sequenced and analyzed. Genomics allows a better understanding of all living things, their evolution, and their diversity. It has a myriad of uses: for example, to build phylogenetic trees, to improve productivity and...
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Genomic Imprinting and Inheritance02:30

Genomic Imprinting and Inheritance

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Diploid organisms inherit genetic material through chromosomes from both parents. Copies of the same gene are known as alleles. In most cases, both alleles are simultaneously expressed and allow various cellular processes to function optimally. If one of the alleles is missing or mutated, the expression of the other allele can compensate; however, this is not true for all genes.
The expression of some genes depends on which parent passed the gene to the offspring, through a phenomenon known as...
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Genome Size and the Evolution of New Genes03:21

Genome Size and the Evolution of New Genes

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While every living organism has a genome of some kind (be it RNA, or DNA), there is considerable variation in the sizes of these blueprints. One major factor that impacts genome size is whether the organism is prokaryotic or eukaryotic. In prokaryotes, the genome contains little to no non-coding sequence, such that genes are tightly clustered in groups or operons sequentially along the chromosome. Conversely, the genes in eukaryotes are punctuated by long stretches of non-coding sequence.
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Comparing Mitochondrial, Chloroplast, and Prokaryotic Genomes02:16

Comparing Mitochondrial, Chloroplast, and Prokaryotic Genomes

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The present-day mitochondrial and chloroplast genomes have retained some of the characteristics of their ancestral prokaryotes and also have acquired new attributes during their evolution within eukaryotic cells. Like prokaryotic genomes, mitochondrial and chloroplast genomes neither bind with histone-like proteins nor show complex packaging into chromosome-like structures, as observed in eukaryotes. Unlike mitotic cell divisions observed in eukaryotic cells, mitochondria and chloroplasts...
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Genomic DNA in Prokaryotes00:46

Genomic DNA in Prokaryotes

48.5K
The genome of most prokaryotic organisms consists of double-stranded DNA organized into one circular chromosome in a region of cytoplasm called the nucleoid. The chromosome is tightly wound, or supercoiled, for efficient storage. Prokaryotes also contain other circular pieces of DNA called plasmids. These plasmids are smaller than the chromosome and often carry genes that confer adaptive functions, such as antibiotic resistance.
Genomic Diversity in Bacteria
Although bacterial genomes are much...
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Genomic DNA in Eukaryotes00:58

Genomic DNA in Eukaryotes

52.8K
Eukaryotes have large genomes compared to prokaryotes. To fit their genomes into a cell, eukaryotic DNA is packaged extraordinarily tightly inside the nucleus. To achieve this, DNA is tightly wound around proteins called histones, which are packaged into nucleosomes that are joined by linker DNA and coil into chromatin fibers. Additional fibrous proteins further compact the chromatin, which is recognizable as chromosomes during certain phases of cell division.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 28, 2026

Whole Genome Sequencing of Candida glabrata for Detection of Markers of Antifungal Drug Resistance
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GREP: genome for REPositioning drugs.

Saori Sakaue1,2,3, Yukinori Okada1,2,4

  • 1Department of Statistical Genetics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan.

Bioinformatics (Oxford, England)
|March 13, 2019
PubMed
Summary

This study introduces GREP, a Python software for drug repositioning using genetic data. GREP identifies potential new uses for existing drugs by analyzing gene enrichment in clinical indications, accelerating genomic-guided therapeutics.

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Area of Science:

  • Human Genetics
  • Pharmacogenomics
  • Computational Biology

Background:

  • Integrating genetic knowledge into clinical practice is a key challenge in human genetics.
  • Existing methods for drug repositioning can be enhanced by leveraging large-scale genomic data.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce GREP (Genome for REPositioning drugs), a novel Python software.
  • To quantify gene set enrichment within clinical indication categories for drug repositioning.
  • To identify potentially repositionable drugs targeting user-defined gene sets.

Main Methods:

  • Development of a standalone Python software, GREP.
  • Enrichment analysis of user-defined gene sets against target genes of clinical indications.
  • Application of GREP to gene sets from genome-wide association studies (GWAS), gene expression studies, and cancer somatic mutations.

Main Results:

  • Genes identified by GWAS were robustly enriched in approved drugs for specific traits.
  • GREP demonstrated applicability to diverse gene sets, including those from gene expression and cancer mutation data.
  • The software facilitates the identification of novel drug-target relationships.

Conclusions:

  • GREP accelerates drug repositioning by integrating genomics and clinical indication data.
  • The software provides a valuable tool for investigators seeking to repurpose drugs for new therapeutic uses.
  • Genomic-guided drug repositioning holds significant promise for advancing personalized medicine.