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The group Stramenopiles include some phototrophic microorganisms. Members of this group possess flagella covered in numerous short, hairlike extensions, a feature that inspired the group's name, derived from the Latin words for "straw" and "hair." Some of the main categories of Stramenopiles include diatoms, golden algae, and brown algae.Diatoms are unicellular, photosynthetic eukaryotes, with over 200 known genera. They play a key role in the planktonic communities of both marine and...
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Measuring Microbial Mutation Rates with the Fluctuation Assay
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Relative Mutation Rates in Nucleomorph-Bearing Algae.

Cameron J Grisdale1,2, David R Smith3, John M Archibald1,2

  • 1Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.

Genome Biology and Evolution
|March 13, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Nucleomorph genomes in algae evolve at low rates, similar to host nuclear genomes, despite sequence divergence. Plastid mutation rates are consistently lower across these unique algal lineages.

Keywords:
evolutiongenetic diversitymutation ratenucleotide substitutionsecondary endosymbiosis

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Area of Science:

  • Eukaryotic cell biology
  • Molecular evolution
  • Algal genomics

Background:

  • Chlorarachniophyte and cryptophyte algae possess a nucleomorph genome, a remnant of a photosynthetic eukaryotic endosymbiont.
  • Nucleomorph genomes, despite independent origins, share similar architectures, but their evolutionary pressures remain poorly understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To estimate and compare relative mutation rates across four genetic compartments (nucleomorph, nucleus, plastid, mitochondrion) in nucleomorph-bearing algae.
  • To investigate evolutionary pressures impacting nucleomorph DNA and its relationship to other genomes.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized synonymous substitution rates to infer relative mutation rates.
  • Analyzed genomic data from chlorarachniophyte and cryptophyte algae.

Main Results:

  • Relative mutation rates of host and endosymbiont nuclear genomes are similar in both lineages.
  • Slightly elevated mutation rates were observed in chlorarachniophyte nucleomorph DNA, but not in cryptophytes.
  • Plastid mutation rates were lower than nuclear and nucleomorph rates in both lineages.

Conclusions:

  • Low evolutionary rates in nucleomorph genes suggest an early burst of evolutionary change or relaxed selection post-endosymbiosis.
  • Findings provide insights into the long-term evolutionary dynamics of secondary endosymbiosis in algae.