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Related Concept Videos

Impression Management Techniques I: Managing Appearances01:29

Impression Management Techniques I: Managing Appearances

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Appearance is a multidimensional aspect of self-presentation that encompasses observable attributes such as clothing, grooming, speech, and nonverbal behavior. These elements are often strategically managed to align with socially constructed expectations in different settings. For instance, individuals tailor their appearance during job interviews, social gatherings, or athletic events to meet the perceived norms of those environments.Contextual Adaptation and Social SignalsThe research...
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This lesson will focus on the different treatment options for managing tonsillitis, which typically depend on the cause and severity.
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Management of Insomnia01:19

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The sleep cycle, an integral part of human health, consists of several stages with distinct characteristics and functions. It begins with a transition from wakefulness to sleep, known as the light sleep phase, followed by the restorative deep sleep phase, essential for physical recovery and growth. The cycle concludes with the Rapid Eye Movement (REM) phase, characterized by high brain activity and vivid dreaming. Insomnia, a prevalent sleep disorder, involves difficulty falling asleep, staying...
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Impression management encompasses individuals' deliberate efforts to shape how others perceive them during social interactions. This behavior is often employed to conform to social norms, secure approval, or pursue specific goals. While it involves selective self-presentation, it is not necessarily deceptive; individuals frequently present authentic aspects of themselves that align with situational demands.Common strategies include:Ingratiation: where individuals use flattery or agreeableness...
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Blood is pumped by the heart into the aorta, the largest artery in the body, and then into increasingly smaller arteries, arterioles, and capillaries. The velocity of blood flow decreases with increased cross-sectional blood vessel area. As blood returns to the heart through venules and veins, its velocity increases. The movement of blood is encouraged by smooth muscle in the vessel walls, the movement of skeletal muscle surrounding the vessels, and one-way valves that prevent backflow.
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The blood in our bodies comprises three major components: blood plasma, formed elements, and the extracellular matrix. Blood plasma is a yellowish fluid that constitutes 55% of the total blood volume. It is primarily made up of water and essential substances such as electrolytes and proteins. Blood plasma serves as a medium for transporting blood cells and also contains nutrients, enzymes, hormones, antibodies, and gases.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 27, 2026

International Expert Consensus and Recommendations for Neonatal Pneumothorax Ultrasound Diagnosis and Ultrasound-guided Thoracentesis Procedure
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Patient Blood Management: Recommendations From the 2018 Frankfurt Consensus Conference.

Markus M Mueller1, Hans Van Remoortel2, Patrick Meybohm3

  • 1German Red Cross Blood Transfusion Service and Goethe University Clinics, Frankfurt/Main, Germany.

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Patient blood management (PBM) guidelines recommend early anemia management before surgery and specific hemoglobin thresholds for red blood cell (RBC) transfusions in critically ill and cardiac surgery patients. Comprehensive PBM programs are advised for appropriate RBC use.

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Area of Science:

  • Evidence-based medicine
  • Hematology
  • Critical care medicine

Background:

  • Blood transfusion is a common therapy with inherent risks and costs.
  • Patient blood management (PBM) aims to optimize outcomes and reduce transfusion-related complications.
  • Developing evidence-based recommendations is crucial for guiding clinical practice and future research in PBM.

Framework:

  • Seventeen Population/Intervention/Comparison/Outcome (PICO) questions were formulated across three key areas: preoperative anemia, red blood cell (RBC) transfusion thresholds, and PBM program implementation.
  • A comprehensive literature search was conducted across four major biomedical databases.
  • Meta-analyses using the GRADE methodology and Evidence-to-Decision framework informed the development of recommendations by multidisciplinary panels.

Implementation:

  • Analysis of 145 studies, including randomized controlled trials and large observational studies, informed the recommendations.
  • Strong recommendations include early detection and management of preoperative anemia.
  • Specific RBC transfusion thresholds were established: hemoglobin <7 g/dL for stable intensive care patients and <7.5 g/dL for cardiac surgery patients.

Implications:

  • Ten clinical and twelve research recommendations were established, addressing preoperative anemia, RBC transfusion thresholds, and PBM program implementation.
  • Conditional recommendations support the implementation of comprehensive PBM programs and the use of electronic decision support systems.
  • The findings highlight the need for further research to address evidence gaps and establish international consensus on definitions and endpoints for PBM trials.