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Gustation is a chemical sense that, along with olfaction (smell), contributes to our perception of taste. It starts with the activation of receptors by chemical compounds (tastants) dissolved in the saliva. The saliva and filiform papillae on the tongue distribute the tastants and increase their exposure to the taste receptors.
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Consider a real-valued function defined on a closed interval. One of the fundamental objectives in calculus is to determine the area under the graph of such a function. When an exact computation is not readily available, this area can be estimated by dividing the interval into a finite number of equal subintervals. Each subinterval corresponds to a rectangle whose width is the length of the subinterval and whose height is determined by the value of the function at a selected point within that...
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The water inflow rate into a storage tank is not constant but increases over time. Initially, the pump delivers water at a rate of 5 L/min. However, the inflow rate increases by 2 L/min for each additional minute due to rising pressure or system adjustments. This scenario can be described mathematically by a linear function:It is necessary to integrate the inflow rate function to measure the total volume of water added to the tank over time. The total water volume V(t) is obtained by performing...
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Related Experiment Video

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An Aptamer-based Sensor for Unchelated GadoliniumIII
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Integrated olfaction, gustation and toxicity detection by a versatile bioengineered cell-based biomimetic sensor.

Keqiang Gao1, Fan Gao1, Liping Du2

  • 1Biosensor National Special Laboratory, Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Education Ministry, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.

Bioelectrochemistry (Amsterdam, Netherlands)
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Summary

This study developed biomimetic sensors using engineered cells to detect bitter taste and smell compounds. These sensors show potential for rapid toxicity detection and integrate olfaction and gustation capabilities.

Keywords:
Biomimetic sensorsCell-impedanceMEAsOdor, bitter and toxic compounds detectionSH-SY5Y

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Area of Science:

  • Biomimetic sensors
  • Cellular biosensing
  • Chemosensation research

Background:

  • Biological olfactory and gustation systems achieve high sensitivity and specificity in discriminating thousands of substances.
  • Specific receptor proteins are crucial for this sensory discrimination process.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and validate biomimetic sensors for detecting taste and smell compounds using engineered human neuroblastoma cells.
  • To assess the potential of these sensors for rapid toxicity detection.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells endogenously expressing the bitter receptor T2R16.
  • Transfected olfactory receptor ODR-10 onto the plasma membrane of SH-SY5Y cells.
  • Employed cell-impedance sensing for T2R16 activation and microelectrode array (MEA) for ODR-10 activation, monitoring cell index (CI) and firing rates.

Main Results:

  • T2R16 specifically responded to β-glucopyranosides, and ODR-10 responded to diacetyl, with dose-dependent responses observed.
  • The cell-impedance biosensor enabled rapid toxicity detection of salicin at concentrations ≥6 mM.
  • Demonstrated integrated olfaction, gustation, and toxicity detection capabilities within the same cellular system.

Conclusions:

  • Biomimetic sensors integrating olfaction, gustation, and toxicity detection were successfully developed using engineered SH-SY5Y cells.
  • The developed biosensor system shows significant potential for both fundamental research and practical applications in chemical sensing and safety assessment.