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Related Concept Videos

In Vitro Drug Dissolution: Alternative Methods01:17

In Vitro Drug Dissolution: Alternative Methods

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Alternative drug dissolution methods include the rotating bottle, intrinsic dissolution test, peristalsis, and the Franz diffusion cell method. The rotating bottle method involves meticulously rotating tightly capped controlled-release beads in a temperature-controlled bath. Periodic decanting of samples allows for residue assay, followed by refilling with fresh medium and testing at various pH levels to emulate the gastrointestinal tract conditions.In contrast, the intrinsic dissolution test...
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Drug Dissolution: Requirements and Profile Comparison01:14

Drug Dissolution: Requirements and Profile Comparison

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The acceptance criteria for dissolution profile data are anchored in Q values, representing the percentage of drug dissolved within a specified period. This assessment unfolds in three stages:First Stage: The test passes if all six drug dosage units are equal to or greater than Q plus 5%; otherwise, the sample proceeds to the second stage.Second Stage: The average of twelve units must be equal to or greater than Q, with no unit falling below Q - 15% to pass; if not, it progresses to the final...
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Theories of Dissolution: Diffusion Layer Model01:15

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Dissolution, the process by which drug particles dissolve in a solvent, is explained by the diffusion layer model, a theoretical framework that simulates the absorption of oral drugs and allows us to analyze experimental data.
This process starts with a thin layer, saturated with the drug, forming at the interface between the solid and liquid. The solute then diffuses from this layer into the main solution. The Noyes-Whitney equation suggests that the rate of dissolution relies on the diffusion...
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Factors Affecting Dissolution: Polymorphism, Amorphism and Pseudopolymorphism01:21

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Polymorphism refers to the existence of a drug substance in multiple crystalline forms, known as polymorphs. Recently, this term has been expanded to include solvates (forms containing a solvent), amorphous forms (non-crystalline forms), and desolvated solvates (forms from which the solvent has been removed).
Some polymorphic crystals possess lower aqueous solubility than their amorphous counterparts, leading to incomplete absorption. For instance, the oral suspension of Chloramphenicol, which...
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Factors Affecting Dissolution: Drug pKa, Lipophilicity and GI pH01:21

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Drug absorption within the gastrointestinal (GI) tract is a complex process influenced by several critical factors, including the site pH, the drug's dissociation constant (pKa), and the drug's lipophilicity. The GI tract exhibits a pH gradient, with an acidic environment in the stomach and a more alkaline environment in the small intestine. This pH variation directly affects the ionization state of drugs.
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Factors Influencing Drug Absorption: Drug Dissolution01:27

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The pharmacokinetic journey of drugs from solid oral dosage forms into systemic circulation is multifaceted. It begins with disintegration, a prerequisite ensuring a solid dosage form's subdivision into minute particles. Dissolution occurs next as these granulated entities solubilize in gastrointestinal fluids. This solubilization is crucial for the succeeding stage, permeation, which describes the traversal of the drug across the intestinal membrane and its subsequent entry into the blood...
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Gold Nanoparticle Synthesis
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Gold Dissolution from Ore with Iodide-Oxidising Bacteria.

San Yee Khaing1, Yuichi Sugai2, Kyuro Sasaki3

  • 1Department of Earth Resources Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 8190395, Fukuoka, Japan.

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This study demonstrates bacterial gold leaching using iodide-oxidizing bacteria as an eco-friendly alternative to cyanide. Certain bacterial strains effectively solubilized gold from ore, with one strain achieving complete dissolution in just 5 days.

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Area of Science:

  • * Biotechnology and Environmental Science
  • * Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy

Background:

  • * Traditional gold cyanidation poses environmental risks.
  • * Iodide-iodine mixtures offer an alternative lixiviant for gold leaching.
  • * The role of microorganisms in mediating iodide-based gold dissolution requires investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • * To evaluate the efficacy of iodide-oxidizing bacteria in solubilizing gold from complex ore.
  • * To isolate and identify bacterial strains capable of facilitating gold bioleaching.
  • * To compare the performance of different bacterial strains in gold dissolution.

Main Methods:

  • * Isolation of eight iodide-oxidizing bacterial strains from brine.
  • * Incubation of bacterial strains with gold-bearing ore (0.26 wt.% Au) in a liquid culture medium.
  • * Monitoring gold solubilization over 30 days using an iodide-iodine lixiviant generated by bacteria.

Main Results:

  • * Three bacterial strains successfully mediated complete gold solubilization from the ore within 30 days.
  • * One bacterial strain, identified as Roseovarius, achieved complete gold dissolution in only 5 days.
  • * Bacterial gold leaching using iodide was successfully demonstrated.

Conclusions:

  • * Iodide-oxidizing bacteria can effectively leach gold from ore, presenting a viable alternative to cyanidation.
  • * The bacterial bioleaching process using iodide is potentially more environmentally sustainable than cyanide leaching.
  • * Further techno-economic feasibility studies are necessary to advance this bioleaching approach.