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3D printing in experimental orthopaedic surgery: do it yourself.

Irene I López-Torres1, Pablo Sanz-Ruíz2,3, Victor E León-Román4

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Summary

Researchers designed a 3D-printed, species-specific tibial implant for New Zealand white rabbits. This implant facilitated rapid animal recovery and reliable biofilm development, crucial for studying prosthetic infections.

Keywords:
3D printingAnimal modelImplantPeriprosthetic joint infection

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Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Engineering
  • Veterinary Surgery
  • 3D Printing Technology

Background:

  • Periprosthetic infection incidence is rising, with current treatments proving unsatisfactory.
  • Existing animal models use non-species-specific implants, hindering biofilm development and complicating recovery.
  • There is a need for improved animal models to study prosthetic infections.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To design and fabricate a species-specific tibial implant for New Zealand white (NZW) rabbits using 3D printing.
  • To evaluate the stability and efficacy of the custom implant in an animal model.
  • To create a suitable platform for studying prosthetic infections and biofilm formation.

Main Methods:

  • CT scan of NZW rabbit knee to reconstruct the tibial surface.
  • 3D modeling using Horos® and Autodesk® Meshmixer™ software to create a custom tibial plateau implant.
  • Surgical implantation in 15 NZW rabbits, assessing limb stability and weight-bearing capacity.
  • Biofilm formation analysis using crystal violet staining.

Main Results:

  • A 1.81 cm × 1 cm × 1.24 cm stainless steel implant with a 4-mm-thick tibial plate, rough surface, and eccentric metaphyseal anchoring was designed.
  • All rabbits showed immediate post-operative hyperflexion of the operated limb.
  • 100% of rabbits achieved full weight-bearing capacity by day 5 post-surgery.

Conclusions:

  • Species-specific implant design in experimental surgery promotes faster animal recovery.
  • The custom implant design supports reliable biofilm development on its surface.
  • This model is ideal for studying prosthetic infection pathophysiology and identifying therapeutic targets.