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Related Concept Videos

Sex-linked Disorders01:43

Sex-linked Disorders

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Like autosomes, sex chromosomes contain a variety of genes necessary for normal body function. When a mutation in one of these genes results in biological deficits, the disorder is considered sex-linked.
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Primary Motives: Sleep, Sex, and Pain Avoidance01:24

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Primary motives such as sleep, sex, and pain avoidance are crucial drivers of behavior in humans and animals. These motives ensure survival, reproductive success, and overall well-being by prompting actions that meet essential bodily needs.
Sleep is a fundamental physiological drive that fosters a state of restfulness crucial for several bodily functions. It facilitates body restoration, the process by which the body repairs, rejuvenates, and maintains itself during sleep, including memory...
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Organization of Genes02:07

Organization of Genes

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Overview
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Gene Flow02:39

Gene Flow

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Gene flow is the transfer of genes among populations, resulting from either the dispersal of gametes or from the migration of individuals.
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Gene Families01:57

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Gene families consist of groups of genes proposed to have originated from a common ancestor. Typically these arise through events in which a gene or genes are mistakenly duplicated during cell division. Unlike their parent genes (which are subject to selection pressure to maintain function), these gene copies do not need to preserve their sequences and may evolve at a relatively faster rate.
Occasionally these regions can be adapted to take on new roles within the organism, becoming novel genes...
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Gene Therapy00:59

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Gene therapy is a technique where a gene is inserted into a person’s cells to prevent or treat a serious disease. The added gene may be a healthy version of the gene that is mutated in the patient, or it could be a different gene that inactivates or compensates for the patient’s disease-causing gene. For example, in patients with severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) due to a mutation in the gene for the enzyme adenosine deaminase, a functioning version of the gene can be...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 27, 2026

Accurate and Phenol Free DNA Sexing of Day 30 Porcine Embryos by PCR
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Accurate and Phenol Free DNA Sexing of Day 30 Porcine Embryos by PCR

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[Genes and sex : which determination ?]

Ariane Paoloni-Giacobino1

  • 1Service de médecine génétique, HUG, 1211 Genève 14.

Revue Medicale Suisse
|March 14, 2019
PubMed
Summary

The genetic basis for gender identity and sexual orientation remains largely unknown, unlike sex differentiation pathways. While steroid hormones influence brain development, their specific roles in gender identity and orientation are hypothetical, with no major genetic discoveries for sexual function yet.

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Genetics
  • Endocrinology

Background:

  • Genetic control over sex differentiation and phenotypic sex is well-established.
  • The genetic underpinnings of gender identity, sexual orientation, and sexual function are not well understood.
  • The role of steroid hormones in brain development is known, but their influence on gender identity and sexual orientation is hypothetical.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the elusive role of genes in gender identity, sexual and affective orientation, and sexual function.
  • To investigate potential genetic factors beyond established sex differentiation pathways.
  • To clarify the hypothetical role of steroid hormones in gender identity and sexual orientation.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of genetic and hormonal influences on behavior and identity.

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  • Analysis of existing research on neurotransmission and sexual function.
  • Comparative genomics and neurobiological pathway analysis.

    • Main Results:

    • Genetic factors influencing gender identity, sexual orientation, and sexual function remain largely unidentified.
    • Current research primarily links sexual function genes to neurotransmission pathways.
    • No significant genetic breakthroughs have been made in understanding these complex traits.

    Conclusions:

    • Significant gaps exist in understanding the genetic basis of gender identity, sexual orientation, and sexual function.
    • Further research is needed to elucidate the complex interplay between genes, hormones, and these aspects of human identity and behavior.
    • Current knowledge is limited, particularly regarding the hypothetical roles of steroid hormones and specific genetic contributions.