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A z score (or standardized value) is measured in units of the standard deviation. It tells you how many standard deviations the value x is above (to the right of) or below (to the left of) the mean, μ. Values of x that are larger than the mean have positive z scores, and values of x that are smaller than the mean have negative z scores. If x equals the mean, then x has a zero z score. It is important to note that the mean of the z scores is zero, and the standard deviation is one.
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A z score (or standardized value) is measured in units of the standard deviation. It indicates how many standard deviations the value x is above (to the right of) or below (to the left of) the mean, μ. Values of x that are larger than the mean have positive z scores, and values of x that are smaller than the mean have negative z scores. If x equals the mean, then x has a zero z score. It is important to note that the mean of the z scores is zero, and the standard deviation is one.
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z scores are the standardized values obtained after converting a normal distribution into a standard normal distribution. A z score is measured in units of the standard deviation. The z score tells you how many standard deviations the value x is above (to the right of) or below (to the left of) the mean, μ. Values of x that are larger than the mean have positive z scores, and values of x that are smaller than the mean have negative z scores. If x equals the mean, then x has a z score of...
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The z score is one of the three measures of relative standing. It describes the location of a value in a dataset relative to the mean. z scores are obtained after the standardization of the values in a dataset. The z score for the mean is 0.
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A stationary charge creates and interacts with the electric field, while a moving charge creates a magnetic field.
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Moving Beyond Gleason Scoring.

Brian Miles, Michael Ittmann, Thomas Wheeler

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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Reactive stroma grading and stromogenic carcinoma show promise in predicting prostate cancer (PCa) recurrence and death. These host response measures may enhance current grading systems for better patient outcomes.

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Pathology
  • Cancer Prognostics

Background:

  • Current prostate cancer (PCa) grading systems, like the Gleason score, are cancer-cell based.
  • Established prognostic tools combine grading (Broders) and staging (Dukes).
  • There is a need to incorporate host response measures for improved cancer prediction.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review literature on host response measures: reactive stroma grading and stromogenic carcinoma.
  • To evaluate their predictive ability for PCa biochemical recurrence and PCa-specific death.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on reactive stroma grading and stromogenic carcinoma.
  • Analysis of own experience and validation by independent groups.

Main Results:

  • Reactive stroma grading and stromogenic carcinoma independently predict PCa biochemical recurrence and/or PCa-specific death.
  • These measures are particularly valuable in patients with Gleason scores of 6 or 7.
  • Stromogenic carcinoma has been validated by four independent groups across three continents.

Conclusions:

  • Host response measures, such as stromogenic carcinoma, should be integrated into cancer prognostics.
  • These novel measures can augment existing tools without replacing them.
  • The findings suggest a potential need to revise the current definition of PCa.