Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Anatomy of the Adrenal Glands01:17

Anatomy of the Adrenal Glands

4.7K
The adrenal or supra-renal glands, situated above the kidneys and aligned with the twelfth rib, are paired pyramid-shaped structures crucial for the body's stress response. During stress, these glands secrete hormones vital for adaptive physiological reactions.
These glands possess a distinctive yellow tinge due to the stored cholesterol and fatty acids required for hormone synthesis. They are encased in a fibrous capsule and cushioned by fat.
The adrenal gland comprises two distinct...
4.7K
Adrenal Gland Disorders01:27

Adrenal Gland Disorders

3.2K
Adrenal gland disorders manifest when the production of adrenal hormones deviates from the norm, resulting in either excessive or insufficient concentrations.
Adrenal insufficiency, characterized by insufficient cortisol and aldosterone production, leads to conditions like Addison's disease. This disorder, affecting the adrenal cortex, exhibits symptoms such as skin bronzing, dehydration, low blood pressure, fatigue, and weight loss. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia, a genetic ailment causing...
3.2K
Hormones of the Adrenal Glands01:31

Hormones of the Adrenal Glands

5.4K
Adrenal hormones play a pivotal role in maintaining the body's electrolyte balance and orchestrating responses to stress, showcasing the intricate functions of the adrenal cortex and medulla.
The adrenal cortex, a powerhouse of hormone synthesis, generates over two dozen corticosteroid hormones. The zona glomerulosa produces mineralocorticoids, exemplified by aldosterone, influencing the electrolyte composition of body fluids. The synthesis of glucocorticoids such as cortisol and...
5.4K
Requirements for Human Life01:26

Requirements for Human Life

13.4K
The Earth and its atmosphere have provided humans with air, water, and food, but these are not the only requirements for survival. Humans also require a specific range of temperature and pressure that the Earth and its atmosphere provides.
Oxygen
Atmospheric air is only about 20 percent oxygen, but that oxygen is a key component of the chemical reactions that keep the body alive, including the reactions that produce ATP. Brain cells are susceptible to a lack of oxygen because they require a...
13.4K
Proteins: Dietary Sources and Requirements01:28

Proteins: Dietary Sources and Requirements

1.7K
Consuming animal-based products offers high-quality proteins that contain optimal levels and combinations of essential amino acids, crucial for tissue repair and growth. Foods like eggs, milk, fish, and most meats are a source of complete proteins. Legumes and cereals are abundant in proteins; however, they typically lack a full range of essential amino acids. As a result, they are considered incomplete protein sources. Some plant sources like soybeans, quinoa, and amaranth do contain complete...
1.7K
Oxygen Requirements and Growth Patterns01:29

Oxygen Requirements and Growth Patterns

1.4K
Microorganisms exhibit diverse oxygen requirements and growth patterns driven by their metabolic strategies and environmental adaptations. Oxygen, while essential for many organisms, can also be toxic under certain conditions, shaping how microorganisms grow and survive.Oxygen Requirements of MicroorganismsMicroorganisms are classified based on their ability to use or tolerate oxygen:● Obligate aerobes like Mycobacterium tuberculosis need oxygen for energy production, as it serves as the...
1.4K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Molecular Imaging and Radioligand Therapies in Pheochromocytomas and Paragangliomas.

Endocrine-related cancer·2026
Same author

Somatostatin receptor PET response assessment framework for patients with neuroendocrine tumours (V1.0): a modified Delphi consensus from the European Neuroendocrine Tumor Society (endorsed by EANM and NANETS).

The Lancet. Oncology·2026
Same author

Prospective study on the [<sup>18</sup>F]FDOPA PET/CT role in the management of medullary thyroid cancer patients with high residual calcitonin level after surgery.

European journal of nuclear medicine and molecular imaging·2026
Same author

A computational framework for optimizing radioiodine therapy protocols in metastatic thyroid cancer.

Scientific reports·2026
Same author

Correction: A Randomized clinical trial evaluating the impact on survival and quality of life of 177Lutetium[Lu]-edotreotide versus everolimus in patients with neuroendocrine tumors of the lung and thymus: the LEVEL study (GETNE T-2217).

BMC cancer·2026
Same author

Role of <sup>18</sup>F-PSMA PET/MRI in Prostate Cancer Recurrence After Prostatectomy.

Journal of nuclear medicine : official publication, Society of Nuclear Medicine·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 27, 2026

A Novel Method: Super-selective Adrenal Venous Sampling
06:08

A Novel Method: Super-selective Adrenal Venous Sampling

Published on: September 15, 2017

24.2K

LARGE ADRENAL INCIDENTALOMAS REQUIRE A DEDICATED DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURE.

Vincent Amodru, David Taieb, Carole Guerin

    Endocrine Practice : Official Journal of the American College of Endocrinology and the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists
    |March 14, 2019
    PubMed
    Summary

    Large adrenal tumors (≥4 cm) carry malignancy risks. Combining unenhanced CT (<10 HU) and 18F-FDG PET (ratio <1.5) can help manage these incidentalomas, guiding close follow-up over immediate surgery and monitoring for hypercortisolism.

    More Related Videos

    Interventional Diagnostic Procedure: A Practical Guide for the Assessment of Coronary Vascular Function
    10:28

    Interventional Diagnostic Procedure: A Practical Guide for the Assessment of Coronary Vascular Function

    Published on: March 15, 2022

    5.8K
    Isolation, Fixation, and Immunofluorescence Imaging of Mouse Adrenal Glands
    08:37

    Isolation, Fixation, and Immunofluorescence Imaging of Mouse Adrenal Glands

    Published on: October 2, 2018

    25.3K

    Related Experiment Videos

    Last Updated: Jan 27, 2026

    A Novel Method: Super-selective Adrenal Venous Sampling
    06:08

    A Novel Method: Super-selective Adrenal Venous Sampling

    Published on: September 15, 2017

    24.2K
    Interventional Diagnostic Procedure: A Practical Guide for the Assessment of Coronary Vascular Function
    10:28

    Interventional Diagnostic Procedure: A Practical Guide for the Assessment of Coronary Vascular Function

    Published on: March 15, 2022

    5.8K
    Isolation, Fixation, and Immunofluorescence Imaging of Mouse Adrenal Glands
    08:37

    Isolation, Fixation, and Immunofluorescence Imaging of Mouse Adrenal Glands

    Published on: October 2, 2018

    25.3K

    Area of Science:

    • Endocrinology
    • Radiology
    • Oncology

    Background:

    • Management of large (≥4 cm), non-secreting adrenal tumors remains debated, particularly regarding the utility of imaging like 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography (PET) CT for malignancy characterization.
    • The risk of developing new hormone hypersecretion in non-operated adrenal incidentalomas is not well-defined.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To better characterize large adrenal incidentalomas using imaging and clinical follow-up.
    • To assess the malignancy potential and risk of hypersecretion in non-secreting adrenal tumors measuring at least 4 cm.

    Main Methods:

    • Retrospective study including 81 patients with large (≥4 cm) non-secreting adrenal incidentalomas.
    • Initial evaluation included computed tomography (CT) and 18F-FDG PET CT.
    • Patients not surgically treated underwent clinical, biological, and imaging follow-up for at least 3 years or until delayed surgery.

    Main Results:

    • Of 65 surgically treated patients, 13 (20%) had malignant lesions (adrenocortical carcinoma or metastasis).
    • Unenhanced CT with a Hounsfield unit (HU) value <10 demonstrated 85.6% sensitivity and 78.8% specificity for malignancy.
    • All malignant lesions showed an 18F-FDG uptake ratio >1.5.
    • Among 24 patients followed for ≥3 years, 5 (20.8%) developed hypercortisolism, with 4 cases being subclinical.

    Conclusions:

    • Large adrenal tumors present a significant risk of malignancy.
    • The combination of unenhanced CT (<10 HU) and an 18F-FDG PET uptake ratio <1.5 is reassuring and may support conservative management with close follow-up instead of immediate surgery.
    • Ongoing hormonal surveillance is crucial to monitor for the development of hypercortisolism.