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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 27, 2026

A Common Marmoset Model of Mother-Infant Intervention for Breastfeeding Disorders in the Presence of Paternal Inhibition and Maternal Neglect
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Published on: September 22, 2023

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Scientific Evidence for Breastfeeding.

Alan Lucas

    Nestle Nutrition Institute Workshop Series
    |March 14, 2019
    PubMed
    Summary

    Human milk (HM) offers significant evolutionary and clinical benefits for infant nutrition. Evidence shows HM feeding positively impacts infant development and health, establishing breastfeeding as a crucial evidence-based practice.

    Area of Science:

    • Evolutionary biology
    • Nutritional science
    • Pediatric medicine

    Background:

    • Breastfeeding is a major global public health intervention for millions of infants annually.
    • The scientific basis of breastfeeding relies on evolutionary principles, nutritional standards, and clinical benefits.
    • Past research on human milk (HM) composition and infant nutrition has yielded flawed data, potentially increasing risks like obesity and cardiovascular disease (CVD) in formula-fed infants.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To critically evaluate the evolutionary basis of human breastfeeding.
    • To analyze the accurate translation of HM composition into infant nutritional requirements.
    • To review and validate the clinical benefits of HM through experimental evidence, particularly in preterm infants.

    Main Methods:

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    • Examining evolutionary theory to understand optimal infant nutritional care.
    • Critiquing past studies that misinterpreted HM composition, leading to misleading data for infant formula.
    • Utilizing data from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and physiological studies on preterm infants comparing HM versus cow's milk feeding.

    Main Results:

    • Human milk (HM) is a product of millions of years of evolution, setting the standard for infant nutrition.
    • Flawed interpretations of HM composition in previous research may have contributed to increased risks of obesity and cardiovascular disease (CVD) in formula-fed infants.
    • Experimental studies in preterm infants demonstrate immediate and long-term benefits of HM feeding, including improved cognition, brain structure, cardiovascular health, lung and bone development, and reduced atopy.

    Conclusions:

    • Breastfeeding provides fundamental and permanent biological advantages for infants.
    • Evidence from observational and experimental studies strongly supports HM feeding for long-term infant health.
    • Breastfeeding is an evidence-based medical and public health practice with profound implications for lifelong health.