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Chemistry is the study of matter and the changes it undergoes. Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space. Matter is all around us; the air, water, soil, mountains, even our bodies are all examples of matter. Matter is divided into three states — solid, liquid, and gas — that are commonly found on earth. The fourth state of matter, plasma, occurs naturally in the interiors of stars. 
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The earliest recorded discussion of the basic structure of matter comes from ancient Greek philosophers. Leucippus and Democritus argued that all matter was composed of small, finite particles that they called atomos, meaning “indivisible.” Later, Aristotle and others came to the conclusion that matter consisted of various combinations of the four “elements” — fire, earth, air, and water — and could be infinitely divided. Interestingly, these philosophers...
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Solids, liquids, and gases are the three states of matter commonly found on Earth. A solid is rigid and possesses a definite shape. A liquid flows and takes the shape of its container, except it forms a flat or slightly curved upper surface when acted upon by gravity. Both liquid and solid samples have volumes nearly independent of pressure. A gas takes both the shape and volume of its container.
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The substance of the universe—from a grain of sand to a star—is called matter. Scientists define matter as anything that occupies space and has mass. An object’s mass and its weight are related concepts, but not quite the same. An object’s mass is the amount of matter contained in the object and is the same whether that object is on Earth or in the zero-gravity environment of outer space. An object’s weight, on the other hand, is its mass as affected by the pull of...
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To Lump or To Split: Does Strain Lineage for Clostridioides difficile Matter?

Scott R Curry1

  • 1Division of Infectious Diseases, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA currysr@musc.edu.

Journal of Clinical Microbiology
|March 15, 2019
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Summary

Epidemic Clostridioides difficile infections (CDI) were studied using multilocus variable-number tandem-repeat analysis (MLVA). MLVA genotyping linked CDI cases to hospitals, not specific sub-strains, indicating transmission dynamics rather than inherent virulence.

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Epidemiology

Background:

  • Clostridioides difficile infections (CDI) have seen epidemics linked to a specific lineage (BI/NAP1/027).
  • Previous studies conflict on whether specific CDI strains cause increased severity or recurrence.
  • Establishing causality between CDI strain lineage and clinical outcomes remains challenging.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess if subpopulations of the epidemic CDI lineage (BI/NAP1/027) are associated with adverse clinical outcomes.
  • To investigate the relationship between CDI strain genotyping and patient outcomes.
  • To evaluate the utility of MLVA in understanding CDI transmission.

Main Methods:

  • Multilocus variable-number tandem-repeat analysis (MLVA) was performed on 450 CDI isolates.
  • Isolates were collected from 10 Canadian centers during a well-described epidemic.
  • Genotyping data was correlated with clinical outcomes and hospital centers.

Main Results:

  • MLVA genotyping clustered CDI infections by hospital center, not by specific sublineage.
  • No association was found between CDI severity and any particular MLVA sublineage.
  • The study did not support causal inferences regarding strain-specific virulence in CDI.

Conclusions:

  • MLVA is a powerful tool for tracking the geospatial transmission dynamics of CDI.
  • Strain sublineages within the epidemic BI/NAP1/027 lineage do not appear to be the primary driver of CDI severity.
  • Further research is needed to fully understand the factors contributing to CDI severity and recurrence.