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Related Concept Videos

Metallic Solids02:37

Metallic Solids

20.6K
Metallic solids such as crystals of copper, aluminum, and iron are formed by metal atoms. The structure of metallic crystals is often described as a uniform distribution of atomic nuclei within a “sea” of delocalized electrons. The atoms within such a metallic solid are held together by a unique force known as metallic bonding that gives rise to many useful and varied bulk properties.
All metallic solids exhibit high thermal and electrical conductivity, metallic luster, and malleability....
20.6K
Structures of Solids02:22

Structures of Solids

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Solids in which the atoms, ions, or molecules are arranged in a definite repeating pattern are known as crystalline solids. Metals and ionic compounds typically form ordered, crystalline solids. A crystalline solid has a precise melting temperature because each atom or molecule of the same type is held in place with the same forces or energy. Amorphous solids or non-crystalline solids (or, sometimes, glasses) which lack an ordered internal structure and are randomly arranged. Substances that...
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Network Covalent Solids02:18

Network Covalent Solids

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Network covalent solids contain a three-dimensional network of covalently bonded atoms as found in the crystal structures of nonmetals like diamond, graphite, silicon, and some covalent compounds, such as silicon dioxide (sand) and silicon carbide (carborundum, the abrasive on sandpaper). Many minerals have networks of covalent bonds.
To break or to melt a covalent network solid, covalent bonds must be broken. Because covalent bonds are relatively strong, covalent network solids are typically...
16.1K
Molecular and Ionic Solids02:54

Molecular and Ionic Solids

20.0K
Crystalline solids are divided into four types: molecular, ionic, metallic, and covalent network based on the type of constituent units and their interparticle interactions.
Molecular Solids
Molecular crystalline solids, such as ice, sucrose (table sugar), and iodine, are solids that are composed of neutral molecules as their constituent units. These molecules are held together by weak intermolecular forces such as London dispersion forces, dipole-dipole interactions, or hydrogen bonds, which...
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Facilitated Transport01:19

Facilitated Transport

147.5K
The chemical and physical properties of plasma membranes cause them to be selectively permeable. Since plasma membranes have both hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions, substances need to be able to transverse both regions. The hydrophobic area of membranes repels substances such as charged ions. Therefore, such substances need special membrane proteins to cross a membrane successfully. In  facilitated transport, also known as facilitated diffusion, molecules and ions travel across a...
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Primary Active Transport01:47

Primary Active Transport

197.9K
In contrast to passive transport, active transport involves a substance being moved through membranes in a direction against its concentration or electrochemical gradient. There are two types of active transport: primary active transport and secondary active transport. Primary active transport utilizes chemical energy from ATP to drive protein pumps that are embedded in the cell membrane. With energy from ATP, the pumps transport ions against their electrochemical gradients—a direction...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 27, 2026

Fine-tuning the Size and Minimizing the Noise of Solid-state Nanopores
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Fine-tuning the Size and Minimizing the Noise of Solid-state Nanopores

Published on: October 31, 2013

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Solid-state nanopore hydrodynamics and transport.

Sandip Ghosal1, John D Sherwood2, Hsueh-Chia Chang3

  • 1Department of Mechanical Engineering and Engineering Sciences and Applied Mathematics, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA.

Biomicrofluidics
|March 15, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The resistive pulse method uses nanopore ion current to characterize biomolecules. Understanding hydrodynamics and ion transport in nanopores is key to advancing this biotechnology tool.

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Surface Properties of Synthesized Nanoporous Carbon and Silica Matrices
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Surface Properties of Synthesized Nanoporous Carbon and Silica Matrices

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Last Updated: Jan 27, 2026

Fine-tuning the Size and Minimizing the Noise of Solid-state Nanopores
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Membrane Transport Processes Analyzed by a Highly Parallel Nanopore Chip System at Single Protein Resolution
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Surface Properties of Synthesized Nanoporous Carbon and Silica Matrices
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Surface Properties of Synthesized Nanoporous Carbon and Silica Matrices

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Area of Science:

  • Biotechnology
  • Nanotechnology
  • Physical Chemistry

Background:

  • The resistive pulse method is vital for biomolecule characterization using nanopores.
  • Accurate molecular property extraction requires a deep physical understanding of the translocation process.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advancements in understanding hydrodynamic flow and ion transport through nanometer-sized pores.
  • To explore the fundamental mechanisms and observed phenomena in nanopore hydrodynamics and ion transport.

Main Methods:

  • Focuses on the continuum version of hydrodynamic and ion transport equations.
  • Analysis restricted to synthetic pores with diameters greater than ten nanometers.

Main Results:

  • Detailed review of fundamental nanopore hydrodynamics and ion transport mechanisms.
  • Compilation of observed phenomena arising from these mechanisms.

Conclusions:

  • Enhanced understanding of nanopore behavior is crucial for biotechnological applications.
  • Suggests potential for future ionic circuits and applications based on observed phenomena.