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Joule-Thomson Effect

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The Joule-Thomson effect, also known as the Joule-Kelvin effect, describes the temperature change of a fluid when it is forced through a valve or porous plug while keeping it in a thermally insulated environment. This experiment is called a throttling process. This is an important effect widely used in refrigeration and the liquefaction of gases.
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Thermal Energy Microscopically, thermal energy is the kinetic energy associated with the random motion of atoms and molecules. Temperature is a quantitative measure of “hot” or “cold”, which depends on the amount of thermal energy. When the atoms and molecules in an object are moving or vibrating quickly, they have a higher average kinetic energy (KE) (or higher thermal energy), and the object is perceived as “hot”, or it is described as being at a higher temperature. When the...
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The specific heat capacity of a substance refers to the energy required to increase the temperature of one gram of that substance by one degree Celcius. Specific heat capacity is often represented in calories (cal), grams (g), and degrees Celsius (oC), but can also be expressed in joules (J), kilograms (kg), and Kelvin (K), among other units.
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Dalton was only partially correct about the particles that make up matter. All matter is composed of atoms, and atoms are composed of three smaller subatomic particles: protons, neutrons, and electrons. These three particles account for the mass and the charge of an atom.
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Microfluidic Pneumatic Cages: A Novel Approach for In-chip Crystal Trapping, Manipulation and Controlled Chemical Treatment
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Joule heating-induced particle manipulation on a microfluidic chip.

Golak Kunti1, Jayabrata Dhar2, Anandaroop Bhattacharya1

  • 1Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal 721302, India.

Biomicrofluidics
|March 15, 2019
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Summary

This study presents an energy-efficient electrokinetic method using Joule heating to pattern colloidal particles. The technique creates electrothermal flows for controlled particle aggregation in lab-on-a-chip devices.

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Area of Science:

  • Electrokinetics
  • Microfluidics
  • Colloidal Science

Background:

  • Particle manipulation in microfluidic devices is crucial for applications like diagnostics and cell sorting.
  • Existing methods often require complex setups or high power consumption, limiting their widespread use.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop an energy-efficient electrokinetic technique for continuous manipulation and patterning of colloidal particles.
  • To leverage intrinsic Joule heating effects for particle concentration and aggregation.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing alternating current (AC) electrothermal flow generated by non-uniform electric and thermal fields.
  • Creating sharp temperature gradients via spatially-varying Joule heat from a hotspot.
  • Exploiting induced variations in electric properties to generate electrothermal vortices for particle manipulation.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated continuous concentration of colloidal particles into patterned groups.
  • Achieved particle aggregation at the center of a Joule heating hotspot.
  • Showcased the ability to form different particle clustering patterns by maneuvering hotspot structures.

Conclusions:

  • The developed technique offers an energy-efficient and low-power alternative for on-chip particle manipulation.
  • This method avoids the complexity and high power demands of laser-based techniques.
  • Potential applications include lab-on-a-chip devices for manipulating particle groups, including biological cells.