Adaptive evolution of the ACSL gene family in Carnivora

Carnivores exhibit various fat contents and energy reserves to adapt to their environments. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying lipid metabolic differences among carnivores have not been well explored. Long-chain acyl-CoA synthetases (ACSLs) catalyze the initial step in lipid metabolism by activating fatty acids (FAs), and they drive acyl-CoAs toward anabolic lipid synthesis or catabolic β-oxidation. We identified the sequences of the genes of the ACSL family (ACSL1, ACSL3, ACSL4, ACSL5 and ACSL6) in the sable (Martes zibellina) via transcriptome sequencing. The ACSL gene sequences of 13 other carnivores were obtained from NCBI. Phylogenetic results showed that unlike the widely accepted carnivore phylogeny, Canidae and Felidae tend to group together based on ACSL4 and ACSL6. The evolutionary analyses identified a series of positively selected amino acid residues in ACSL1, ACSL4 and ACSL5. Two radical amino acid substitutions detected in sable suggested potential insights into the molecular mechanism underlying the relatively low fat content in this animal. This is the first study to investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying the adaptive evolution of fat metabolism in carnivores. Overall, the ACSL genes were under different evolutionary forces in carnivores, and some genes have undergone adaptive evolution in lipid metabolism.