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Related Concept Videos

Curing of Concrete01:20

Curing of Concrete

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The hydration of cement takes place within the water-filled capillary pores. However, environmental elements can disrupt this process by evaporating water from the concrete surfaces. Sealed concrete with a water-cement ratio below 0.5 experiences self-desiccation, leading to water loss. The water loss in concrete is mitigated by curing. This technique involves keeping the concrete saturated to maintain the necessary temperature and moisture conditions, to optimally fill the spaces in the cement...
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Curing Methods01:26

Curing Methods

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Concrete members with a small surface-to-volume ratio are cured by oiling and moistening the forms before casting the concrete member. These forms can be left in place for a prolonged period to prevent moisture loss, and can be wetted if made of a material suitable for wetting. If the forms are removed early, the concrete member is moistened and covered with polythene sheets to maintain moisture. For large horizontal concrete surfaces exposed to dry weather, a temporary covering is suspended...
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Accelerated Curing of Concrete01:25

Accelerated Curing of Concrete

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Accelerating concrete curing is achieved by applying heat and additional moisture. This process accelerates the hydration of the cement, resulting in an earlier strength gain in the concrete. Steam curing is a method wherein the concrete products are either transported through a chamber on a conveyor belt or encased in plastic, allowing steam at atmospheric pressure to circulate freely around them. This process begins with a phase of moist curing that typically lasts between 3 to 5 hours, after...
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Hepatic impairment, characterized by decreased liver function, does not uniformly mandate adjustments in drug dosage. Whether dosage modifications are necessary depends on various factors related to the drug's metabolism and elimination pathways. If a drug is primarily excreted via the kidneys and bypasses significant hepatic processing, if it undergoes minimal metabolic transformation in the liver, or if it is volatile and primarily expelled through the lungs, dose adjustments may not be...
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Hepatic Portal System01:21

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The hepatic portal system, a critical part of our circulatory framework, transports nutrient-laden, deoxygenated blood from the gastrointestinal tract and spleen to the liver. This ingenious system plays an indispensable role in maintaining our body's metabolic equilibrium.
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[Hepatitis B virus infection: control or cure?]

Marc Bourlière1, Valérie Oules1, Xavier Adhoute1

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Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection affects millions globally. Current treatments focus on controlling viral replication, but research aims for a cure by combining antiviral and immune therapies to achieve sustained HBsAg loss.

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hepatitis B

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Area of Science:

  • Hepatology
  • Virology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a significant global health concern with evolving epidemiology.
  • Chronic HBV infection affects approximately 254 million people worldwide, with host immune response crucial to pathogenesis.
  • Screening and vaccination are key public health strategies for managing HBV.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current landscape of Hepatitis B virus infection control and explore pathways toward a potential cure.
  • To discuss the role of host immunity, screening, vaccination, and current treatment modalities.
  • To highlight future research directions for achieving a functional cure for HBV.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature on Hepatitis B virus infection epidemiology, pathogenesis, and treatment.
  • Analysis of existing therapeutic strategies, including nucleos(t)ide analogues and pegylated interferon.
  • Examination of research trends focusing on combination therapies and immune modulation.

Main Results:

  • Current treatments aim for long-term viral suppression and biochemical response, with functional cure (HBsAg loss) as an optimal goal.
  • Hepatitis B screening is recommended for individuals with risk factors or elevated ALT.
  • Vaccination strategies are crucial for prevention in newborns and at-risk populations.

Conclusions:

  • Achieving a cure for Hepatitis B virus infection requires a shift from viral suppression to immune restoration and complete viral clearance.
  • Future research focuses on combination therapies targeting multiple stages of the HBV lifecycle and enhancing host immune responses.
  • Developing treatments that lead to durable HBsAg loss and anti-HBs seroconversion remains the ultimate therapeutic objective.