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Carbon Skeletons01:12

Carbon Skeletons

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Life on Earth is carbon-based, as all macromolecules that make up living organisms contain carbon atoms. All organic compounds have a carbon backbone. Each carbon atom is tetravalent and can bond with four other atoms, making it an extraordinarily flexible component of biological molecules. Because carbon’s valence electrons are stable, it rarely becomes an ion. As the carbon chain increases in length, structural modifications such as ring structures, double bonds, and branching side...
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Abnormal Proliferation02:23

Abnormal Proliferation

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Under normal conditions, most adult cells remain in a non-proliferative state unless stimulated by internal or external factors to replace lost cells. Abnormal cell proliferation is a condition in which the cell's growth exceeds and is uncoordinated with normal cells. In such situations, cell division persists in the same excessive manner even after cessation of the stimuli, leading to persistent tumors. The tumor arises from the damaged cells that replicate to pass the damage to the...
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Skeleton and Calcium Homeostasis01:21

Skeleton and Calcium Homeostasis

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Calcium is not only the most abundant mineral in bone but also the most abundant mineral in the human body. Calcium ions are needed for bone mineralization, tooth health, heart rate regulation and strength of contraction, blood coagulation, the contraction of smooth and skeletal muscle cells, and the regulation of nerve impulse conduction. The average calcium level in the blood is about 10 mg/dL. When the body cannot maintain this level, a person will experience hypo or hypercalcemia.
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Overview of the Axial Skeleton01:09

Overview of the Axial Skeleton

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The skeleton is subdivided into two major divisions—the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton. The axial skeleton forms the vertical, central axis of the body. It includes all of the bones of the head, neck, chest, and back. It protects the brain, spinal cord, heart, and lungs. It also serves as the attachment site for muscles that move the head, neck, and back and for muscles that act across the shoulder and hip joints to move their corresponding limbs.
The axial skeleton of the...
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Changes in the Appendicular Skeleton with Age01:09

Changes in the Appendicular Skeleton with Age

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The upper and lower limb initially develops as a small bulge called a limb bud, which appears on the lateral side of the early embryo. The upper limb bud appears near the end of the fourth week of development, with the lower limb bud appearing shortly after.
Initially, the limb buds consist of a core of mesenchyme covered by a layer of ectoderm. The ectoderm at the end of the limb bud thickens to form a narrow crest called the apical ectodermal ridge. This ridge stimulates the underlying...
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Fixed Action Patterns01:06

Fixed Action Patterns

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A fixed action pattern (FAP) is a specific, hard-wired sequence of behaviors that occurs in response to an external stimulus, called a sign stimulus. The behavior is “fixed” because it is essentially unchangeable—proceeding similarly across individuals of a species every time it occurs.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 27, 2026

Detection of Abnormal Prion Protein by Immunohistochemistry
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Efficient and Robust Skeleton-Based Quality Assessment and Abnormality Detection in Human Action Performance.

Amr Elkholy, Mohamed E Hussein, Walid Gomaa

    IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics
    |March 15, 2019
    PubMed
    Summary

    This study uses low-cost depth sensing to detect neuromusculoskeletal disorders in elderly individuals through motion analysis. Vision-based methods accurately assess motion quality and detect abnormalities for safer, independent living.

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    Area of Science:

    • Biomedical Engineering
    • Computer Vision
    • Gerontology

    Background:

    • Early detection of neuromusculoskeletal disorders is crucial for elderly independence.
    • Low-cost depth sensing offers unobtrusive motion analysis for healthcare.
    • Assessing motion quality and detecting abnormalities can enhance elder care.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To develop and evaluate vision-based methods for detecting neuromusculoskeletal disorders.
    • To assess the quality of motion in elderly individuals using 3D skeletal data.
    • To enable safer and more independent living for the elderly through automated health monitoring.

    Main Methods:

    • Utilized 3D skeletal data from depth cameras (e.g., MS Kinect).
    • Extracted medically-justified features to create motion descriptors.
    • Trained a probabilistic normalcy model for abnormality detection.
    • Employed linear regression for quantitative motion quality assessment.

    Main Results:

    • The proposed methods demonstrated promising results in detecting abnormalities and assessing motion quality.
    • Evaluated on daily actions: sit-to-stand, stand-to-sit, walking, and stair gait.
    • Validated on both public and in-clinic datasets including patients with neuromusculoskeletal disorders.

    Conclusions:

    • Vision-based motion analysis using depth sensing is effective for detecting neuromusculoskeletal disorders.
    • This technology is a step towards convenient in-home automated healthcare services for the elderly.
    • Improved motion analysis can significantly contribute to elder safety and independence.