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Alkali Metals

Alkali Metals

Group 1 elements are soft and shiny metallic solids. They are malleable, ductile, and good conductors of heat and electricity. The melting points of the alkali metals are unusually low for metals and decrease going down the group, while the density increases going down the group with the exception of potassium (Table 1).
Table 1: Properties of the alkali metals

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Properties of Transition Metals

Transition metals are defined as those elements that have partially filled d orbitals. As shown in Figure 1, the d-block elements in groups 3–12 are transition elements. The f-block elements, also called inner transition metals (the lanthanides and actinides), also meet this criterion because the d orbital is partially occupied before the f orbitals.

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Ionization Energy

The amount of energy required to remove the most loosely bound electron from a gaseous atom in its ground state is called its first ionization energy (IE1). The first ionization energy for an element, X, is the energy required to form a cation with 1+ charge:

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 27, 2026

$Measurements of Long-range Electronic Correlations During Femtosecond Diffraction Experiments Performed on Nanocrystals of Buckminsterfullerene$

Measurements of Long-range Electronic Correlations During Femtosecond Diffraction Experiments Performed on Nanocrystals of Buckminsterfullerene

Published on: August 22, 2017

A low-energy electron point-source projection microscope not using a sharp metal tip performs well in long-range

Evelyne Salançon¹, Alain Degiovanni¹, Laurent Lapena¹

¹CINaM, Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, UMR 7325, France.

Ultramicroscopy

|March 15, 2019

Summary

A novel low-energy electron microscope uses a metal/insulator source, achieving performance comparable to traditional microscopes. This electron projection microscope enables long-range imaging with high spatial resolution.

Keywords:

Electron holography Long-range imaging Low-energy electron point projection microscope

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Last Updated: Jan 27, 2026

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Area of Science:

Physics
Materials Science
Microscopy

Background:

Traditional electron projection microscopes often rely on sharp metal needles as electron sources.
Achieving high spatial resolution typically requires a near-field source-object distance.

Purpose of the Study:

To present a new low-energy electron point-source projection microscope utilizing a metal/insulator structure.
To demonstrate that this new source achieves performance comparable to conventional electron projection microscopes.

Main Methods:

Development of a novel electron source based on a metal/insulator structure.
Integration of the source with an electron optical lens and a high spatial resolution image detector.
Operation within an accessible electron energy range of 100 eV to 1000 eV.

Main Results:

The developed microscope achieves performance comparable to normal electron projection microscopes.
Demonstration of long-range imaging at a distance of approximately 600 µm, deviating from usual near-field setups.
The electron energy range is easily accessible from 100 eV to 1000 eV.

Conclusions:

The metal/insulator electron source offers a viable alternative for electron projection microscopy.
The system facilitates high spatial resolution imaging over extended object distances.
This technology expands the capabilities of low-energy electron microscopy.