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Related Concept Videos

Batteries and Fuel Cells03:12

Batteries and Fuel Cells

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A battery is a galvanic cell that is used as a source of electrical power for specific applications. Modern batteries exist in a multitude of forms to accommodate various applications, from tiny button batteries such as those that power wristwatches to the very large batteries used to supply backup energy to municipal power grids. Some batteries are designed for single-use applications and cannot be recharged (primary cells), while others are based on conveniently reversible cell reactions that...
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Salts are ionic compounds composed of cations and anions, either of which may be capable of undergoing an acid or base ionization reaction with water. Aqueous salt solutions, therefore, may be acidic, basic, or neutral, depending on the relative acid-base strengths of the salt’s constituent ions. For example, dissolving the ammonium chloride in water results in its dissociation, as described by the equation:
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Mechanically-gated ion channels are proteins found in eukaryotic and prokaryotic cell membranes that open in response to mechanical stress. Tension, compression, swelling, and shear stress can alter the conformation of the protein, opening a transmembrane channel that allows the passage of ions for signal transmission. In eukaryotes, mechanically-gated channels are distributed in several regions like the neurons, lungs, skin, bladder, and heart, where they play critical roles in numerous...
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On comparing the reactivity of silver and lead, it is observed that the two ionic species, Ag+ (aq) and Pb2+ (aq), show a difference in their redox reactivity towards copper: the silver ion undergoes spontaneous reduction, while the lead ion does not. This relative redox activity can be easily quantified in electrochemical cells by a property called cell potential. This property is commonly known as cell voltage in electrochemistry, and it is a measure of the energy which accompanies the charge...
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An ionic compound is stable because of the electrostatic attraction between its positive and negative ions. The lattice energy of a compound is a measure of the strength of this attraction. The lattice energy (ΔHlattice) of an ionic compound is defined as the energy required to separate one mole of the solid into its component gaseous ions. For the ionic solid sodium chloride, the lattice energy is the enthalpy change of the process:
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Compared with pure water, the solubility of an ionic compound is less in aqueous solutions containing a common ion (one also produced by dissolution of the ionic compound). This is an example of a phenomenon known as the common ion effect, which is a consequence of the law of mass action that may be explained using Le Châtelier’s principle. Consider the dissolution of silver iodide:
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 27, 2026

Characterization of Electrode Materials for Lithium Ion and Sodium Ion Batteries Using Synchrotron Radiation Techniques
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Characterization of Electrode Materials for Lithium Ion and Sodium Ion Batteries Using Synchrotron Radiation Techniques

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Simulation-driven Selection of Electrode Materials Based on Mechanical Performance for Lithium-Ion Battery.

Abhishek Sarkar1, Pranav Shrotriya2, Abhijit Chandra3

  • 1Department of Mechanical Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA. asarkar@iastate.edu.

Materials (Basel, Switzerland)
|March 16, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Mechanical stress during battery cycling can degrade electrode materials. This study introduces a model to assess material mechanical stability and proposes improvements for battery design.

Keywords:
elasto-plastic stresslithium-ion batterymaterial indexmechanical stabilityparametric analysis

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Electrochemistry
  • Mechanical Engineering

Background:

  • Mechanical stress from ion insertion/removal (lithiation/delithiation) is a key factor limiting battery electrode material lifespan.
  • Understanding and quantifying these mechanical effects is crucial for developing durable battery technologies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a quantitative approach for evaluating and comparing the mechanical stability of battery electrode materials.
  • To identify key mechanical properties influencing electrode performance and longevity.

Main Methods:

  • Developed a mathematical model incorporating elastic-perfectly plastic constitutive behavior to simulate particle deformation and stress fields.
  • Coupled stress equilibrium equations with lithium-ion diffusion to analyze time-dependent stress evolution during electrochemical cycling.
  • Derived five merit indices to parameterize and compare the mechanical stability of different electrode materials.

Main Results:

  • The model predicts a transition from elastic to plastic deformation as lithium ions diffuse into electrode particles.
  • Analysis of six candidate materials (three anodes, three cathodes) using the derived merit indices.
  • Identified specific mechanical properties critical for material selection and design.

Conclusions:

  • The developed merit indices provide a robust framework for assessing electrode material mechanical stability.
  • The study offers insights into improving mechanical performance and guides the selection of materials for advanced battery designs.