Biodiversity Drives Micropollutant Biotransformation in Freshwater Phytoplankton Assemblages

Biotransformation of chemical pollutants is an ecological process requiring multifunctionality (multiple metabolic pathways) and, potentially, high biodiversity. Phytoplankton communities are highly diverse functionally and taxonomically and co-occur with complex mixtures of organic pollutants in aquatic environments. Here, we investigated how phytoplankton species richness (SR) and class richness (CR) determine the biotransformation of a mixture of 37 structurally diverse pollutants using laboratory experiments and analysis of high-resolution mass spectrometry data. Laboratory phytoplankton communities were assembled from pure cultures by creating a gradient from one to five taxonomic groups, and 5 to 11 total species, in defined medium. The biotransformation of pollutants over 6 days and the total number of transformed chemicals increased with CR for 13 considerably transformed compounds. The total number of transformation products (TPs, up to 42) was positively affected by both CR and SR: CR had a positive effect on stable TPs found, and SR led to more transient TPs. Our data indicate that both taxonomic and functional diversity are important for biotransformation of anthropogenic chemicals in phytoplankton and suggest that plankton biodiversity could play a role in the remediation of pollutant loads in aquatic ecosystems.