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Causes and Consequences of Phenotypic Plasticity in Complex Environments.

David F Westneat1, Leslie J Potts2, Katherine L Sasser1

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Summary

Organisms adapt to changing environments through multidimensional phenotypic plasticity (MDPP). This complex adaptation, occurring at all biological levels, requires new research approaches beyond simple models to understand its role in evolution and survival.

Keywords:
G×E×Eactivational plasticitybenefits of plasticitycosts of plasticitydevelopmental plasticityflexible stem hypothesispassive plasticityphenotypic equationreaction normvariable environments

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Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Ecology
  • Genetics
  • Developmental Biology

Background:

  • Phenotypic plasticity is crucial for organisms adapting to environmental variability.
  • Environmental factors often vary multidimensionally, influencing organismal traits.
  • Existing models of unidimensional plasticity are insufficient to explain complex responses.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review empirical and theoretical approaches to multidimensional phenotypic plasticity (MDPP).
  • To highlight the significance of MDPP across all levels of biological organization.
  • To identify new research opportunities and challenges in studying MDPP.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of empirical studies on phenotypic plasticity in multidimensional environments.
  • Analysis of theoretical frameworks modeling responses to complex environmental variation.
  • Synthesis of findings to identify common themes and future research directions.

Main Results:

  • Multidimensional phenotypic plasticity (MDPP) is a widespread phenomenon, observed from cellular to whole-organism levels.
  • MDPP presents unique mechanistic and functional questions distinct from unidimensional plasticity.
  • Understanding MDPP is critical for explaining population persistence and speciation processes.

Conclusions:

  • MDPP necessitates novel theoretical and empirical approaches beyond traditional plasticity research.
  • Future research should focus on the intricate mechanisms and evolutionary consequences of MDPP.
  • Addressing the complexities of MDPP is vital for advancing our understanding of adaptation in natural populations.