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Updated: Jan 27, 2026
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Entanglement distribution over a 96-km-long submarine optical fiber
Sören Wengerowsky1,2, Siddarth Koduru Joshi3,2,4,5, Fabian Steinlechner3,2,6,7
1Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information-Vienna, Austrian Academy of Sciences, 1090 Vienna, Austria; soeren.wengerowsky@oeaw.ac.at anton.zeilinger@univie.ac.at rupert.ursin@oeaw.ac.at.
Summary
Researchers successfully distributed quantum entanglement for quantum key distribution (QKD) over 96 km of submarine fiber. This demonstration shows entanglement-based QKD is viable for long-distance, secure communication networks.
Area of Science:
- Quantum Physics
- Quantum Information Science
Background:
- Quantum entanglement is crucial for quantum information science and quantum key distribution (QKD).
- Entanglement-based QKD offers device-independent security and potential for global quantum repeater networks.
- Field demonstrations of entanglement-based QKD have lagged behind other QKD approaches.
Purpose of the Study:
- To demonstrate the feasibility of entanglement-based quantum key distribution (QKD) over long-distance deployed fiber optic telecommunications infrastructure.
- To establish an international quantum communication channel using submarine fiber.
Main Methods:
- Distribution of polarization-entangled photon pairs over a 96 km submarine optical fiber link between Malta and Sicily.
- Measurement of photon pair rate and polarization visibility.
Main Results:
- Successful distribution of entangled photon pairs over 96 km of submarine fiber.
- Observed rate of approximately 257 photon pairs per second.
- Achieved polarization visibility exceeding 90%.
Conclusions:
- Entanglement-based quantum key distribution (QKD) is viable for long-distance fiber links.
- This field demonstration represents the longest distribution of entanglement in a deployed telecommunications network.
- An international submarine quantum communication channel has been established, opening possibilities for future applications.
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