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Related Concept Videos

Phase Diagrams02:39

Phase Diagrams

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A phase diagram combines plots of pressure versus temperature for the liquid-gas, solid-liquid, and solid-gas phase-transition equilibria of a substance. These diagrams indicate the physical states that exist under specific conditions of pressure and temperature and also provide the pressure dependence of the phase-transition temperatures (melting points, sublimation points, boiling points). Regions or areas labeled solid, liquid, and gas represent single phases, while lines or curves represent...
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Phase Transitions02:31

Phase Transitions

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Whether solid, liquid, or gas, a substance's state depends on the order and arrangement of its particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). Particles in the solid pack closely together, generally in a pattern. The particles vibrate about their fixed positions but do not move or squeeze past their neighbors. In liquids, although the particles are closely spaced, they are randomly arranged. The position of the particles are not fixed—that is, they are free to move past their neighbors to...
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Drug Delivery: Enteral Route01:18

Drug Delivery: Enteral Route

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The enteral drug administration involves three primary routes: oral, sublingual, and buccal. Oral ingestion is the most prevalent, safe, economical, and convenient method for drug administration. However, it has certain drawbacks, including limited absorption due to the drug's low water solubility or poor membrane permeability, possible emesis from GI mucosa irritation, destruction of drugs by digestive enzymes or low gastric pH, and irregular absorption along with food or other drugs.
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Routes of Drug Administration: Enteral01:18

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Medications can be administered through the enteral route using liquids, capsules, or tablets.
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Inductance: Single-Phase And Three-Phase Line01:28

Inductance: Single-Phase And Three-Phase Line

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Understanding the inductance of transmission lines is crucial for efficient design and operation in electrical power systems. This discussion delves into the inductance characteristics of single-phase two-wire and three-phase three-wire transmission lines with equal phase spacing.
Single-Phase Two-Wire Line:
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Capacitance: Single-Phase And Three-Phase Line01:25

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In electrical power systems, understanding the capacitance of transmission lines is fundamental for efficient operation.
Single-Phase Lines
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Related Experiment Video

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Primary Culture of Mouse Dopaminergic Neurons
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Primary Culture of Mouse Dopaminergic Neurons

Published on: September 8, 2014

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Primary neurons can enter M-phase.

Chaska C Walton1, Wei Zhang1, Iris Patiño-Parrado1

  • 1Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Neurobiology, Cajal Institute (CSIC), Madrid, 28002, Spain.

Scientific Reports
|March 16, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Primary neurons can re-enter the cell cycle and reach M-phase, challenging previous beliefs. Checkpoint abrogation allows progression, with some neurons dividing or exiting M-phase to survive.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Differentiated neurons typically do not re-enter the cell cycle, particularly M-phase, in normal physiological conditions.
  • Pathological conditions can induce cell cycle re-entry in neurons, but M-phase entry has been considered prohibited.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate whether differentiated neurons can enter M-phase.
  • To explore the mechanisms regulating neuronal cell cycle progression into M-phase.

Main Methods:

  • Overexpression of a truncated Cyclin E isoform fused to Cdk2 to induce cell cycle re-entry.
  • Utilizing checkpoint abrogation to enable progression through S, G2, and into M-phase.
  • Observing neuronal behavior, including cell division and M-phase exit.

Main Results:

  • Primary neurons at post-synaptic stages can enter M-phase.
  • Cyclin E/Cdk2 expression triggers cell cycle checkpoints, leading to arrest and apoptosis.
  • Checkpoint abrogation allows neuronal cell cycle progression into M-phase.
  • A small subset of neurons undergo cell division, while others exit M-phase and recover the axon initial segment.

Conclusions:

  • Neurons share cell cycle regulation with mitotic cells, including S, G2, and M-phase.
  • Neuronal M-phase entry is possible and can lead to division or survival through M-phase exit.