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    This study introduces a new three-step phase-shifting method for diffuse objects, overcoming limitations of traditional techniques. The method effectively suppresses unwanted terms and retrieves complex object wave fields without needing phase-shift value estimation.

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    Area of Science:

    • Optical Metrology
    • Holography
    • Interferometry

    Background:

    • Phase-shifting interferometry is effective for smooth objects but faces challenges with diffuse surfaces.
    • Existing normalization approaches require specific conditions that are difficult to meet for diffuse objects.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To propose a generalized three-step phase-shifting method for diffuse objects using a normalization approach.
    • To enable accurate complex object wave field retrieval from holograms of diffuse surfaces.

    Main Methods:

    • A three-step generalized phase-shifting method employing hologram mutual subtraction to suppress zero-order terms.
    • Satisfying the norm approximation condition by ensuring phase randomness in holograms.
    • An object wave retrieval algorithm that does not require phase-shift value estimation.

    Main Results:

    • Sufficient suppression of zero-order terms achieved through mutual subtraction.
    • Successful estimation of the complex object wave field under the phase randomness condition.
    • Validation of the proposed method via simulations and optical experiments.

    Conclusions:

    • The proposed three-step method effectively extends phase-shifting interferometry to diffuse objects.
    • The technique offers a robust solution for complex object wave retrieval without explicit phase-shift calibration.