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Related Concept Videos

Force and Momentum01:17

Force and Momentum

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Force and momentum are intimately related. Force acting over time can change momentum, and Newton's second law of motion can be stated in its most broadly applicable form in terms of momentum. Momentum can be applied to systems where the mass is changing, such as rockets, as well as to systems of constant mass. Also, momentum continues to be a key concept in the study of atomic and subatomic particles in quantum mechanics. One can consider systems with varying mass in some detail; however, the...
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Angular Momentum01:21

Angular Momentum

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Angular momentum characterizes an object's rotational motion and is defined as the moment of its linear momentum about a specified point O. When a particle moves along a curved path in the x-y plane, the scalar formulation calculates the magnitude of its angular momentum, utilizing the moment arm (d), representing the perpendicular distance from point O to the line of action of the linear momentum. Despite being scalar in formulation, angular momentum is inherently a vector quantity. Its...
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Linear Momentum00:55

Linear Momentum

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The term momentum is used in various ways in everyday language, most of which are consistent with the precise scientific definition. Generally, momentum implies a tendency to continue on course—to move in the same direction; we tend to speak of sports teams or politicians gaining and maintaining the momentum to win.  Momentum is also associated with great mass and speed and is often considered when talking about collisions. For example, when rugby players collide and fall to the...
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Power01:08

Power

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The concept of work involves force and displacement; meanwhile, the work-energy theorem relates the net work done on a body to the difference in its kinetic energy, calculated between two points on its trajectory. While none of these quantities or relations involves time explicitly, we know that the time available to accomplish work is often just as important as the amount of work itself. For example, sprinters in a race may have achieved the same velocity at the finish, therefore,...
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Moment-of-Momentum Equation01:09

Moment-of-Momentum Equation

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The moment-of-momentum equation is a critical tool for analyzing the torque produced by the rotating blades of a wind turbine. This equation is derived by applying Newton's second law to a fluid particle, which states that the rate of change of linear momentum is equal to the external force acting on the particle.
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Impulse-Momentum Theorem00:49

Impulse-Momentum Theorem

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The total change in the motion of an object is proportional to the total force vector acting on it and the time over which it acts. This product is called impulse, a vector quantity with the same direction as the total force acting on the object.
By writing Newton's second law of motion in terms of the momentum of an object and the external force acting on it, and simultaneously using the definition of the impulse vector, it can be shown that the total impulse on an object is equal to its...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 27, 2026

Fabrication of 1-D Photonic Crystal Cavity on a Nanofiber Using Femtosecond Laser-induced Ablation
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Inline laser power measurement by photon momentum.

John H Lehman, Kyle Rogers, Daniel Rahn

    Applied Optics
    |March 16, 2019
    PubMed
    Summary

    This study introduces a new method to measure laser power using photon momentum. The innovative instrument minimally disturbs the laser beam and is scalable for high-power applications up to 50 kW.

    Area of Science:

    • Physics
    • Optical Engineering
    • Metrology

    Background:

    • Accurate laser power measurement is crucial for various scientific and industrial applications.
    • Existing methods may perturb the laser beam or have limitations in high-power scenarios.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To develop and demonstrate a novel instrument for laser power quantification using photon momentum.
    • To design an optical system that minimizes laser beam perturbation.
    • To enable measurements suitable for high-power lasers.

    Main Methods:

    • Utilizing photon momentum transfer to a force sensor.
    • Employing a commercially available weighing instrument as the force sensor.
    • Optimizing off-the-shelf optical components for maximum reflectance at 1070 nm.

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    Measurement of Quantum Interference in a Silicon Ring Resonator Photon Source
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    Measurement of Quantum Interference in a Silicon Ring Resonator Photon Source
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    Measurement of Quantum Interference in a Silicon Ring Resonator Photon Source

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    Main Results:

    • Demonstrated measurement of beam profile and power for a 500 W laser.
    • Calibrated optics and force sensor are suitable for powers up to 50 kW and beyond.
    • The instrument design allows the laser beam to remain available for other uses.

    Conclusions:

    • The developed photon momentum-based instrument offers a non-perturbing method for laser power measurement.
    • The system is scalable and adaptable for a wide range of laser power levels.
    • This approach provides a robust alternative for precise laser power metrology.