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    This study introduces a new color brightness prediction model using individual reference colors. The empirical umbrella model effectively adjusts color luminance and saturation in digital images.

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    Area of Science:

    • Color science
    • Visual perception
    • Image processing

    Background:

    • Existing color models often use a single reference (white) for all colors.
    • The Helmholtz-Kohlrausch effect influences perceived brightness based on color saturation.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To develop an empirical umbrella model for predicting color brightness.
    • To refine color appearance by adjusting luminance and compensating for perceptual effects.

    Main Methods:

    • Modified radiance factor concept with unique reference colors for each hue.
    • Utilized an exponential function for extrapolating to higher color purity.
    • Applied the model to Munsell colors and consumer images for luminance adjustment.

    Main Results:

    • The model accurately predicts brightness for near-neutral colors, with adjustments in the cyan-blue region.
    • Successful compensation for the Helmholtz-Kohlrausch effect in Munsell colors.
    • Effective reduction of brightness in consumer images after saturation enhancement.

    Conclusions:

    • The developed empirical umbrella model provides an effective method for predicting and adjusting color brightness.
    • The model demonstrates utility in both standardized color sets and real-world consumer images.