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In 1923, G. N. Lewis proposed a generalized definition of acid-base behavior in which acids and bases are identified by their ability to accept or to donate a pair of electrons and form a coordinate covalent bond.
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Some compounds produce hydroxide ions when dissolved by chemically reacting with water molecules. In all cases, these compounds react only partially and so are classified as weak bases. These types of compounds are also abundant in nature and important commodities in various technologies. For example, global production of the weak base ammonia is typically well over 100 metric tons annually, being widely used as an agricultural fertilizer, a raw material for chemical synthesis of other...
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For an ideal solution, the pH is defined as the negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration. For a non-ideal solution, an accurate measurement of the pH must consider the negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion activity rather than concentration. In such a solution, the pH can be more accurately defined as the negative logarithm of a product of the hydrogen ion concentration and its activity coefficient.
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Setting Up a Stroke Team Algorithm and Conducting Simulation-based Training in the Emergency Department - A Practical Guide
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Consensus on technical procedures for simulation-based training in anaesthesiology: A Delphi-based general needs

Ebbe L Bessmann1,2, Helle T Østergaard2,3, Bjørn U Nielsen4

  • 1Copenhagen Academy for Medical Education and Simulation, Copenhagen, Denmark.

Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica
|March 16, 2019
PubMed
Summary

A national needs assessment identified and prioritized 30 technical procedures for simulation-based training in anaesthesiology. This list guides curriculum development for essential skills like cardiopulmonary resuscitation and airway management.

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Area of Science:

  • Medical Education
  • Anaesthesiology Training
  • Simulation-Based Learning

Background:

  • Anaesthesiologists require mastery of numerous technical procedures.
  • Simulation-based training offers an alternative to traditional patient care apprenticeship but is resource-intensive.
  • Optimizing simulation training requires systematic curriculum development, such as the Six-Step Approach.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To conduct a national needs assessment to identify and prioritize technical procedures for simulation-based training in anaesthesiology.
  • To inform curriculum development for anaesthesiology simulation training.

Main Methods:

  • A three-round Delphi process involving anaesthesiology key opinion leaders.
  • Initial suggestion of procedures, followed by a needs assessment formula for prioritization.
  • Refinement of the prioritized list through participant evaluation and re-prioritization.

Main Results:

  • High response rates (75-79%) across all Danish teaching departments.
  • A prioritized list of 30 procedure groups suitable for simulation-based training was generated from 138 initial suggestions.
  • Top procedures included cardiopulmonary resuscitation, laryngoscopy, defibrillation, cricothyrotomy, and fibreoptic intubation.

Conclusions:

  • The Delphi process successfully produced a prioritized list of 30 procedure groups for simulation-based training in anaesthesiology.
  • This list serves as a valuable guide for future curriculum development in anaesthesiology simulation training.