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Related Concept Videos

Arteries of the Head and Neck01:26

Arteries of the Head and Neck

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The human body's intricate network of arteries ensures that every organ system receives the necessary oxygen and nutrients for optimal function. The arterial network in the head and neck region is particularly complex, providing vital blood flow to the brain, eyes, and other critical structures. Prominent arteries in this region include the internal carotid arteries and the vertebral arteries.
The internal carotid arteries supply blood to the anterior portion of the cerebrum. They enter the...
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Veins of Head and Neck01:19

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The blood drainage from the head and neck is primarily managed by three pairs of veins: the external jugular, internal jugular, and vertebral veins. The external jugular veins drain superficial scalp and face structures, passing over the sternocleidomastoid muscles to empty into the subclavian veins.
On the other hand, the vertebral veins, unlike their arterial counterparts, are not primarily responsible for brain drainage. Instead, they drain the cervical vertebrae, spinal cord, and some small...
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Psychodynamic Perspectives on Personality01:27

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The psychodynamic perspective in psychology asserts that most personality functions operate unconsciously, outside of awareness. This means that the motives and emotions driving behavior often remain hidden, automatically buried in the unconscious mind as a defense mechanism to shield us from psychological distress. According to this theory, the unconscious mind contains thoughts, memories, and emotions that are too disturbing to face directly.
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Muscles of the Anterior Neck01:26

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The anterior neck muscles are the group of muscles covering the front part of the neck. These muscles are classified into three subgroups. The first one is the superficial muscles, the most visible muscles in the front of the neck. It includes the platysma and sternocleidomastoid. The second group is the suprahyoid muscles, located above the hyoid bone. This group comprises the digastric, mylohyoid, geniohyoid, and stylohyoid. Lastly, the infrahyoid muscles are found below the hyoid bone and...
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Fetal Circulation01:14

Fetal Circulation

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Fetal circulation is a unique system that facilitates the exchange of gases, nutrients, and waste products between the developing fetus and the mother. This intricate process takes place through a special organ called the placenta.
Two umbilical arteries transport blood from the fetus to the placenta. At the placenta, the blood absorbs oxygen and nutrients while simultaneously eliminating waste products. This oxygen-enriched and nutrient-rich blood then returns to the fetus through one...
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The Behavioral Perspective on Personality01:19

The Behavioral Perspective on Personality

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Behaviorists view personality as primarily shaped by environmental reinforcements and consequences. According to this perspective, behavior is influenced by external stimuli, and individuals adjust their actions based on rewards and punishments. Over time, learning histories — accumulated patterns of reinforcement — play a significant role in shaping personality. Behaviors that lead to positive outcomes are reinforced, while those resulting in negative outcomes are diminished.
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Circulating Tumour Cells (CTC), Head and Neck Cancer and Radiotherapy; Future Perspectives.

Vanathi Perumal1,2,3,4, Tammy Corica5, Arun M Dharmarajan6,7,8

  • 1School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6102, Australia. vanathi.perumal@curtin.edu.au.

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Circulating tumour cells (CTCs) offer a promising liquid biopsy for head and neck cancer, enabling monitoring of treatment response and personalized medicine strategies during radiotherapy.

Keywords:
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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Radiotherapy Research

Background:

  • Head and neck cancer presents a significant global health challenge with high recurrence rates.
  • Current imaging techniques fail to detect early-stage tumour cell spread, hindering minimal residual disease detection.
  • Circulating tumour cells (CTCs) are aggressive cells with genetic alterations, offering potential for early diagnosis and monitoring.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current research on CTCs and circulating cancer stem cells (CCSCs) in head and neck cancer.
  • To explore the potential of CTCs as a liquid biopsy for personalized radiotherapy.
  • To identify molecular targets for optimizing radiotherapy response in head and neck cancer patients.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of existing research on head and neck cancer, CTCs, and CCSCs.
  • Analysis of the role of CTCs in tumourigenesis, metastasis, and treatment resistance.
  • Investigation of CTC genotyping for monitoring radiotherapy response and resistance.

Main Results:

  • CTCs can be utilized as a liquid biopsy for minimally invasive monitoring.
  • CTC detectability and mutational changes correlate with radiotherapy response and resistance.
  • Limited research currently exists on the combined role of CTCs, CCSCs, and radiotherapy.

Conclusions:

  • CTCs and CCSCs hold significant prognostic value for head and neck cancer management.
  • Further research is needed to understand the cellular and molecular mechanisms of CTCs in radiotherapy.
  • Personalized radiotherapy strategies can be developed based on CTC analysis for improved patient outcomes.