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Related Concept Videos

Functional Divisions of the Nervous System01:23

Functional Divisions of the Nervous System

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The nervous system, responsible for sensing, integrating, and responding to various stimuli, is divided into the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The PNS has two functional divisions: the sensory or afferent division and the motor or efferent division.
The sensory division transmits information from sensory receptors in the body to the CNS. It provides the CNS with knowledge about somatic senses (such as tactile, thermal, pain, and proprioceptive sensations)...
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Frequency-dependent Selection01:21

Frequency-dependent Selection

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When the fitness of a trait is influenced by how common it is (i.e., its frequency) relative to different traits within a population, this is referred to as frequency-dependent selection. Frequency-dependent selection may occur between species or within a single species. This type of selection can either be positive—with more common phenotypes having higher fitness—or negative, with rarer phenotypes conferring increased fitness.
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Sympathetic Division of the ANS01:19

Sympathetic Division of the ANS

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The sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) plays a crucial role in preparing the body for stress, physical activity, and increased energy demands. This division activates the "fight-or-flight" response, enabling individuals to respond effectively to challenging situations.
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Parasympathetic Division of the ANS01:08

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The parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) regulates rest and digestion functions in the body. It works in opposition to the sympathetic division, promoting relaxation, conservation of energy, and digestion. The parasympathetic division consists of preganglionic fibers originating from specific cranial nerves (III, VII, IX, X) and the sacral spinal nerves (S2-S4). These fibers synapse with postganglionic neurons in the terminal ganglia, innervating various organs and...
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Cranial Part of Parasympathetic Division01:18

Cranial Part of Parasympathetic Division

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The cranial part of the parasympathetic division plays a crucial role in regulating the visceral functions of the head and specific structures in the neck, thoracic, and abdominopelvic cavities. Preganglionic fibers of the parasympathetic division exit the brain through cranial nerves III (oculomotor), VII (facial), IX (glossopharyngeal), and X (vagus), delivering parasympathetic output to the respective visceral structures.
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Positioning the cell division plane is a critical step during development and cell differentiation, particularly during mitosis when the plane is essential for determining the size of the two daughter cells. The cell division plane is perpendicular to the plane of chromosome segregation, but different types of organisms have different cell division mechanisms to suit their morphology and function. 
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 27, 2026

Transpupillary Two-Photon In Vivo Imaging of the Mouse Retina
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Two-photon frequency division multiplexing for functional in vivo imaging: a feasibility study.

Dmitri Tsyboulski, Natalia Orlova, Peter Ledochowitsch

    Optics Express
    |March 17, 2019
    PubMed
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    We developed a new two-photon frequency-division multiplexing (2P-FDM) microscopy technique to record calcium signals in brain tissue. This method effectively reduces cross-talk, making it promising for studying brain activity.

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    Area of Science:

    • Neuroscience
    • Biophysics
    • Optical Imaging

    Background:

    • High-speed amplitude modulation of femtosecond laser pulses enables multiplexing excitation beams.
    • Two-photon microscopy is crucial for deep-tissue imaging and neural activity monitoring.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To evaluate the utility of two-photon frequency-division multiplexing (2P-FDM) microscopy for recording calcium signals in brain tissue.
    • To assess and mitigate cross-talk issues in frequency-multiplexed imaging.

    Main Methods:

    • Utilized high-speed amplitude modulation to tag multiple excitation beams with distinct frequencies.
    • Applied phase information for signal alignment and recombination within regions of interest (ROIs).
    • Conducted theoretical analysis, numerical simulations, and in vitro imaging experiments.

    Main Results:

    • 2P-FDM microscopy shows promise for recording average calcium signals from ROIs like neuronal cell bodies.
    • Developed a phase-alignment procedure to narrow frequency detection windows and reduce noise.
    • Demonstrated a >10-fold reduction in cross-talk between frequency channels.

    Conclusions:

    • Despite minor image quality trade-offs compared to conventional methods, 2P-FDM offers a viable approach for calcium imaging.
    • The developed phase-alignment technique significantly enhances signal fidelity by reducing cross-talk.
    • 2P-FDM microscopy is a promising tool for functional studies of brain activity.