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Interferometric delay tracking for low-noise Mach-Zehnder-type scanning measurements.

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    This study introduces a high-precision delay tracking technique for optical pump-probe measurements using a Mach-Zehnder interferometer. The method achieves sub-attosecond relative delay precision, crucial for advanced scientific experiments.

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    Area of Science:

    • Optics and Photonics
    • Ultrafast Science
    • Metrology

    Background:

    • Precise control of optical delay is critical for pump-probe spectroscopy.
    • Mechanical scanning in interferometers presents challenges for high-resolution delay determination.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To develop and demonstrate a high-precision delay tracking technique for mechanical scanning optical measurements.
    • To achieve sub-attosecond precision in relative delay determination.

    Main Methods:

    • Utilizing a Mach-Zehnder interferometer with a 1.55-µm continuous-wave laser.
    • Implementing sinusoidal phase modulation (30 MHz) and signal demodulation at fundamental and second harmonic frequencies.
    • Employing high sampling rates (up to 10 MHz) for delay tracking.

    Main Results:

    • Demonstrated root-mean-square error below 10 attoseconds for relative delay tracking over 1 m arm length.
    • Achieved delay determination precision better than 1 attosecond through scan averaging.
    • Validated performance with a mechanical chopper for combined lock-in detection and attosecond-precision delay.

    Conclusions:

    • The developed technique offers unprecedented precision for optical delay control in mechanical scanning setups.
    • This advancement enables integration of high-sensitivity detection with sub-attosecond relative delay measurements.
    • The method is applicable to various ultrafast optical measurement techniques requiring precise temporal resolution.